Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Application of Citric Acid: (text,p.524) - Acidulant in food, confectionary, and beverage (75%) - Pharmaceutical (10%), e.g. soluble aspirin preparation - industrial (15%): complexes with metals such as iron and copper to be stabilizer of oil and fats.

Citric Acid Production by Aerobic Bioprocesses

Wikipedia

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

- Microorganism: Aspergillus niger (mainly), Candida yeast (from carbohydrates or n-alkanes) - Citric acid production is mixed growth associated, mainly take place under nitrogen and phosphate limitation after growth has ceased. - Medium requirements for high production - Carbon source: molasses or sugar solution. - Na-ferrocyanide is added to reduce Iron (1.3 ppm) and manganese (<0.1ppm). - High dissolved oxygen concentration - High sugar concentration - pH<2 - 30 oC.

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Bioreactor: batch or fed-batch (100m3) - 5-25X106 A. niger spores/L may be introduced to the fermentor. - Aeration is provided to the fermenter by air sparging (0.1-0.4 vvm) - Temperature is controlled by cooling coil. - Agitation: 50-100rpm to avoid shear damage on molds. - Fed-batch is used to reduce substrate inhibition and prolong the production phase one or two days after growth cessation. - Volumetric yield: 130 kg/m3

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Separation: - The biomass is separated by filtration - The liquid is transferred to recovery process: - Separation of citric acid from the liquid: precipitation calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate tetrahydrate wash the precipitate dissolve it with dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium sulfate precipitate bleach and crystallization anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid.

Industrial Production of Ethanol

Application of Ethanol: - Medical - Fuel - Industrial

Ethanol Production by Anaerobic Bioprocesses

Glycolysis

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

- Microorganism: S. cerevisae for hexose Candida sp. for lactose or pentose Genetically modified E. coli

- Ethanol production is growth-associated with S. cerevisae. - Medium requirements for high production - Carbon source: sugar cane, starch materials (e.g. corn, wheat), cellulosic materials (?!). yield: 0.51 g ethanol/g glucose. - N, P, minerals. - Anaerobic - 100g/L glucose are inhibitory for yeast. - 5% (v/v) of ethanol are inhibitory for yeast. - pH:4-6 for 30-35 oC.

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Bioreactor: batch, continuous or with cell recycle 95% conversion of sugars with a residence time of 40 h in batch reactor 21 h in continuous reactor without cell recycle 1.6 h in continuous reactor with cell cycle By-products: glycerol, acetic acid, succinic acid. Separation: - Distillation to obtaining 95% (w/w) of ethanol-water mixture, followed by - Molecular sieves to removing water from the mixture to get anhydrous ethanol.

Ethanol Production
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