Theory of Acid Base

Arrhenius Theory Bronsted Lowry Theory Lewis Theory

Arrhenius Theory of Acid-Base

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Base is a substance that dissolved in water to release OH ion into solution Example: Na+ (aq) + OH(aq) KOH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH(aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH(aq)
NaOH (aq) NH4OH (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH(aq) Al(OH)3 (aq) Al3+ (aq) + 3OH(aq) and so on
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Bitter and slipper taste Caustic Change red litmus become blue Become less base when mixed with acid

Kind of Base : Strong Base base that easier release OH- ion into solution Weak Base base that difficult release OH- ion into solution

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Acid is a substance/specimen that can donate one H+ ion (proton donor) Base is a substance/specimen that can accept one H+ ion (proton acceptor) Conjugate acid is acid which resulted from base that receive one H+ ion Conjugate base is base which formed from acid that release one H+ ion.

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Example :
HCl + H2O Cl - + H3O+
Acid (acid 1) base (base 2) conj. base (base 1) conj. acid (acid 2)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH

Bs ae Aid c c n a id o j. c c n bs o j. a e

(base 1) (acid 2)

(acid 1)

(base 2)

HSO4- + H2PO4- SO42- + H3PO4

Aid c bs ae cn bs o j. a e c n a id o j. c

(acid 1)

(base 2)

(base 1)

(acid 2)

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 Acid is a substance that accept an electron pair Base is a substance that donate an electron pair Example: Cl Cl H H Cl Cl B Cl H N H H

B + :N Cl H base or

Acid

BCl3 + NH3

BCl3NH3
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Exercise 1. Determine acid-base pair for the following reactions: a. HCO3-(aq) + NH4+ (aq) H2CO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) b. CH3COOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) CH3COOH2+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq) c. CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) d. CH3COO- (aq) +H2O (aq) CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) 2. Determine the conjugate acid formula from speciment below: a. H2O b. NH3 d. HSO4c. CO32-

3. Determine the conjugate base formula from speciment below: a. H2O b. NH3 d. HSO4c. NH4+

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Water is a very weak electrolite; so it has uncompletely ionize

H2O(l) H+ (aq) + OH(aq)

+ Kw Kw = [H ][OH ] (1)= [H At 250C ; the value of Kw = 10-14

][OH-]

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For aquadest or pure water that has neutral characteristic : [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7
Acid Solution [H+] >[OH-] or [H+] >10-7

Neutral Solution [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7

Base Solution [H+] < [OH-] or [OH-] >10-7

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If the first equation is made Logarithm become :

Kw = [H+][OH-]

pKw = pH + pOH (2)

By SORENSON:
pH= -log [H+]

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The second equation :

pKw = pH + pOH

If Kw = 10-14 ; so pKw = - log10-14 = 14

The third equation :

pH + pOH = 14
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SCALE OF pH
acid
0 7 Neutral

base
14

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By SORENSON :

pH = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] pKw = -log Kw pKa = -log Ka pKb = -log Kb

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[H+] = a.M
pH = -log[H+]

Where :

a = Acid valence M = Molarity

example : Calculate pH of 0,25 M HBr solution

[H+]= 1 x 0,25 = 0,25 = 2,5 x 10-1 pH = -log 2,5 x 10-1 = 1 -log 2,5 = 0,6
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[H+] =

Or
[H+] = .Ma

Where: Ka = constant of equilibrium of acid

= degree of ionization

pH = -log[H+]

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Equilibrium constant of weak acid (Ka) and Equilibrium constant of weak base (Kb) Concept : The bigger Ka, acid relative stronger The bigger Kb, base relative stronger Ka x Kb = Kw

REMEMBER:

The bigger Ka value or value, so the stronger acids charateristic example:

1)Find pH of 0,1 M CH3COOH (Ka = 4 x 10-5 ) [H+] =
=

x 10-3 pH = -log 2 x 10-3 = 3 log 2 = 2,7

=2

Weak Acids of Polivalent

Example:
Carbonate acid (H2CO3) as many as 1 mole is dissolved into water so that the volume of solution become 5 liters. At the reaction, its ionize getting ionization degree step1 ( 1)=0.2 and degree step2 ( 2)= 0.0001 Determine: a)Composition of molarity of substance when its balance for each ionization step1 b)Molarity of H+ ion in solution c)pH of the solution of H2CO3

A)

Ionization reaction the 1st step = H2CO3(aq) b r ar 0.2 mole 0.8 mole 1 mole

H+(aq)

HCO3-(aq) -

0.2mole 0.2mole 0.2mole 0.2mole

at the balance/equilibrium [H2CO3] = 0.8mole : 5liters =0.16 M [H+] = [HCO3-] = 0.2mole : 5liters =0.04M

The 2nd step = HCO3-(aq) b 0.2 r 0.00002mole 0.00002mole ar 0.19998 0.00002

H+(aq) + CO32- (aq) 0.00002mole 0.00002

at the equilibrium [HCO3-] = 0.199998mole : 5 liters = 0.04M [H+] = [CO32- ] = 0.00002mole : 5liters = 0.000004M

b) [H+} in the equilibrium

=0.04M + 0.000004M = 0.04M =4 x 10-2 M c) pH = -log 4 x 10-2 =2 log 4 =1.4

3. Strong Bases
Ba(OH)2(aq) [OH-] = b x M pOH = - log[OH-] pH = pKw pOH pH = 14 pOH Where : b = base valence Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

Example: find pH of 1.71 gr Ba(OH)2 that dissolved in water so the volume until 200 ml. Mr Ba(OH)2 = 171 M = 1.71 x 1000 =0.05M 171 200 [OH-] = 2 x 0.05 =0.1 pOH = - log 10-1 =1 pH = 14 1 =13

4. Weak Base of Monovalent

NH4OH or NH3(aq) etc [OH-] = Kb.Mb or [OH-] = x Mb pOH = - log [OH-] pH = 14 - pOH

Exercises:
1. Determine the pH of this solution below a. 100 ml solution of HNO3 0.001 mole b. 200 ml solution of KOH 0.005 mole c. 100 ml solution of CH3COOH 0.01 mole (Ka=10-5 ) d. 250 ml solution of NH3 0.05 mole (Kb=10-6 ) 2. Find the pH of this solution a. 2 L solution of NH4OH 0.002 M (Kb=10-6 ) b. 5 L solution of CH3COOH 0.001 M (Ka=10-5 )

3. The color of weak acid solution HA 0.4M after dropped with an indicator is same with the color of HCl solution 2 x 10-4 M. How much the value of Ka of HA acid?

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 Example: Acid + base salt + water 1. HCl (aq) + KOH(aq) KCl (aq) +H2O(l)
H+ (aq) + Cl(aq) + K+ (aq) + OH(aq) H+ (aq) K+ (aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

+OH H O
(a ) q 2

(l)

2. H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

2H+ (aq) +SO42(aq) +Ba2+ (aq) +2OH(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

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 Reaction of strong acid and strong base haS 3 probability: 1. If the remainder substance is acid so its pH acid (pH<7) 2. If the remainder substance is base so its pH base (pH>7) 3. If the base and acid are used up to react so its pH neutral (pH=7)

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 Example:
100 ml H2SO4 0.1 M + 100 ml KOH 0.1 M H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH (aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) B 10 mmol 10 mmol R 5 mmol ~ 10 mmol ~ 5 mmol AR 5 mmol 5 mmol M H2SO4 remainder = mmol = 5/ 200 = 0.025 M V mixture [H+] = 2 x 0.025 = 5 x 10-2 pH = -log 5 x 10-2 = 2-log 5 = 2 0.699 = 1.3 100 ml HBr 0.1 M + 100 ml KOH 0.1 M HBr + KOH KBr + H2O B 10 mmol 10 mmol R 10 mmol ~10 mmol ~ 10mmol AR - 10 mmol pH = 7 (because in the after reaction only formed salt which comes from strong acid and strong base)

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