Origin and Insertion

Origin: The place where the fixed end attaches to a bone, cartilage, or connective tissue. Insertion: The site where the movable end attaches to another structure.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD

Frontalis
Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis Insertion: Skin over forehead Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Epicranial Aponeurosis

Occipitalis
Origin: Occipital and temporal bones Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis Action: Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
4

Orbicularis Oculi
Origin: Medial orbital margin and zygomatic bone Insertion: Skin surrounding eye Action: Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead
5

Temporalis
Origin: Temporal fossa Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible Action: Elevates and retracts mandible Is a synergist with the masseter

Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic process and arch Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible Action: Elevates mandible Chewing Muscle
7

Orbicularis Oris
Origin: By muscular skips to surround muscles Insertion: Muscles interlace to surround mouth Action: Closes and purses lips The Kissing muscle
8

Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Zygomatic arch Insertion: Corner of mouth Action: Elevates corner of mouth

Risorius
Origin: Fascia of masseter Insertion: Corner of mouth Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally

10

MUSCLES OF THE NECK & BACK

Platysma
Origin: Connective tissue covering of superior chest muscles Insertion: tissue around mouth Action: pulls corners of mouth anteriorly
12

Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process Action: Rotates head to opposite side, extends head, and flexes vertebral column
13

Trapezius
Origin: External occipital protuberance, and spinous process of C7-T12 Insertion: Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion process, lateral third of clavicle Action: Elevates, adducts, and depresses scapula
14

Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus Action: Extends, rotates humerus medially, draws shoulder down and backward
15

Levator Scapula
Origin: Transverse processes of C1-4 Insertion: Superior angle spine of scapula Action: Elevates scapula

16

Rhomboid Major
Origin: Spinous process of T1-5 and supraspinous ligament Insertion: Medial border below spine of scapula Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation

17

Rhomboid Minor
Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1 Insertion: Medial border of scapula at base of spine Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation
18

Serratus Anterior
Origin: Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs Insertion: Anterior lip of medial border of scapula Action: Holds scapula to chest wall, medially rotates scapula in abducting or extending humerus
19

Erector Spinae
Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12 Insertion: Angles of the ribs. Spinous & Transverse processes of vertebrae Action: Extension of vertebral column
20

MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC WALL

External Intercostal
Origin: Inferior border of rib above Insertion: Superior border of rib below Action: Elevates rib cage during inspiration

22

Internal Intercostal
Origin: Superior border of rib below Insertion: Inferior border of rib above Action: Depresses rib cage during expiration

23

Pectoralis Major
Origin: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, draws body upward in climbing
24

Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula Action: Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs
25

MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubic symphysis and crest of pubis Insertion: Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 Action: Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column
27

External Abdominal Oblique

Origin: External surface of lower 8 ribs Insertion: Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba Action: Compresses abdomen, contralaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column
28

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Origin: Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis Action: Compresses abdomen, ipsilaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column
29

Transverse Abdominis
Origin: Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis Action: Compresses abdomen
30

MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM

Deltoid
Origin: Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tubercle of humerus Action: Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, and internal and external rotation

32

Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Abducts humerus
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Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus laterally

34

Teres Minor
Origin: Axillary border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus laterally

35

Teres Major
Origin: Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus Action: Extends, adduction and medial rotates humerus.
36

Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus medially

37

Biceps Brachii
Origin: Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; Short head, coracoid process scapula Insertion: Radial tuberosity of the radius Action: Flexes radius and humerus, and supinates forearm
Short Head Long Head

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Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus; Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Action: Extends humerus and ulna

Long Head

Lateral Head

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MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR FOREARM

Brachialis
Origin: Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna Action: Flexes ulna

41

Pronator Teres
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Middle portion of radius Action: Pronates and flexes forearm
Anterior, Superficial Layer
42

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of second metacarpal Action: Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist
Anterior, Superficial Layer
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Palmaris Longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis Action: Weak flexion of wrist, tenses skin of palm
Anterior, Superficial Layer
44

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal Action: Flexes and adducts wrist
Anterior, Superficial Layer
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MUSCLES OF POSTEROLATERAL FOREARM

Brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge Insertion: Styloid process of radius Action: Flexes forearm

Posterior, Superficial Layer

47

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Second metacarpal Action: Extends and abducts hand

Posterior, Superficial Layer

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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Third metacarpal Action: Extends and abducts hand

Posterior, Superficial Layer

49

Extensor Digitorum
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons Action: Extends fingers and hand

Posterior, Superficial Layer

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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna Insertion: Fifth metacarpal Action: Extends and adducts hand
Posterior, Superficial Layer
51

Supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna Insertion: Lateral surface and posterior border of radius Action: Supinates forearm

Posterior, Deepest Layer

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MUSCLES OF DEEP BACK AND GLUTEAL REGION

Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract Action: Principal extensor and lateral rotator of femur
54

Gluteus Medius
Origin: Middle portion of ilium Insertion: Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts femur, stabilizes contralateral hip while standing on one leg
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Psoas Major
Origin: Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus Action: Flexes trunk and flexes and laterally rotates thigh
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Iliacus
Origin: Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major Action: Flexes and laterally rotates femur
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POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH (HAMSTRINGS)

Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg
Long Head

Short Head

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Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg

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Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg

61

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH

Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: Medial margin of tibial tuberosity Action: Flexes both femur and tibia

63

Rectus Femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia and flexes femur
64

Vastus Lateralis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia

65

Vastus Medialis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia

66

Vastus Intermedius
Origin: Upper shaft of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia

67

Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior pubic ramus Insertion: Upper part of linea aspera Action: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur

68

Adductor Longus
Origin: Between pubic rami near symphysis Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur

69

Adductor Magnus
Origin: Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially rotates femur
70

Gracilis
Origin: Inferior pubis near symphysis Insertion: Upper portion of tibia Action: Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia

71

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Origin: Iliac crest Insertion: Iliotibial tract Action: Flexes thigh, stabilizes knee

72

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG

Gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of femur Insertion: With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot

Superficial

74

Soleus
Origin: Upper third of fibula and soleal line of tibia Insertion: With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Flexes foot

Second Layer
75

Tibialis Anterior
Origin: Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
76

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula, & interosseous membrane Insertion: Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four lateral toes by extensor expansion Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes

Tendon

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Fibularis Longus
Origin: Upper twothirds of fibula and intermuscular septa Insertion: Plantar base of first metatarsal and first cuneiform and Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
78

Fibularis Brevis
Origin: Lower twothirds of fibula Insertion: Plantar base of fifth metatarsal Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot

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