WHAT IS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 Transmitting/Receiving Voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open space Free from wires The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a well defined frequency band (Channel) Different channels can be used to transmit information in parallel and independently. Channels can be multiplexed for efficient use (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA)

TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Mobile ( it gives complete freedom) Cellular Phones (GSM / CDMA 2000.1x) Portable (Limited mobility e.g. WLAN) IEEE 802.11b (WiFi) IEEE 802.15.3 (UWB) Fixed IEEE 802.16 (Wireless MAN)

1. 2.

TYPICAL FREQUENCIES
FM Radio ~ 88MHz TV Broadcast ~ 200 MHz GSM Phones ~ 900 MHz /1800 MHz (Dual Band) GPS ~ 1.2 GHz Bluetooth ~ 2.4 GHz WiFi ~ 2.4 GHz Note: 2.4 GHz is a free frequency band which is used in the medical applications and used by various research institutions. Its a license free band.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Yellow Band is the licensed band. Air is work as a channel in wireless communication

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (CONT)

Distinguished in two bands

1) Lower Frequency Band

a) b) a) b) Lower Frequency can travel more distance But Main Drawbacks are Power reduces as distance increases Limited Bandwidth (supports only voice channel) Increasing the power has mainly two problems: Cost increases Radiation Hazards

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (CONT)

2) Higher Frequency a) b) c) Main drawbacks are Higher frequency travels less distance Sophisticated receiver is require Costlier solution

But Main Advantages are a) High Bandwidth (mainly useful in data communication) b) Supports voice channels as well as data channels (broad band applications)

WHY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (1)

a) b) c) Freedom from Wires No cost of installing wires or rewiring No bunches of wires running here and there Auto magical instantaneous communications without physical connection setup, e.g. Blue tooth or WiFi. Global Coverage a) Communications can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly, e.g. rural areas, old buildings, Vehicle, outer space ( through communication satellites)

WHY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (2)

a) b)

Stay Connected
Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere and any time Rapidly growing market confirms to public need for mobility and uninterrupted access.

a) b)

Flexibility
Services reach you wherever you go (Mobility) e.g. you dont have to go to your lab to check the mail. Connect to multiple devices simultaneously (no physical connection required.)

I Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for business and personal reasons Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it Basic Mantra : Stay connected anywhere, anytime.

CHALLENGES (1)

a) b)

Efficient Hardware
Low Power Transmitters, Receivers Low Power Signal Processing tools (By providing the certain facility like sleep mode)

a)

Efficient use of inite radio spectrum ( to get maximum from the available spectrum)
Cellular frequency reuse, using MIMO system, .

a) b)

Integrated services
Voice, data, multimedia over a single network Service differentiation, priorities, resource sharing,

CHALLENGES (2)
a)
b)

Network support scenarios)

for

user

mobility

(mobile

Location identification Handover (its different for car running at 50 km and 100 km speed),

Maintaining quality of service over unreliable link

Mainly depend upon the application e.g. packet loss, Delay, Breakdown noise

Connectivity and Coverage (internetworking) Means Maximum coverage of area (at least 99%) Cost efficiency

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES (3)

Fading Multi path Higher probability of data corruption - Hence need for stronger channel codes Need for stronger security mechanisms Privacy, authentication, ..

WIRELESS VS MOBILE
Note: Wireless does not necessarily mean mobile Wireless systems may be a) Fixed (e.g. MAN) b) Portable (e.g. wireless interaction between TV and VCR) c) Mobile (e.g. Mobile Phones)

TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 1) Radio Transmission a) Easily Generated b) omni-directionally travel long distances c) easily penetrate buildings But Main Problems are: - Frequency dependent (Rays at one frequency get attenuated more then other frequency i.e. air acts as a BPF) - Relatively low bandwidth for data communication - Tightly licensed by goverment

TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2) Microwave Transmission - a) Widely used for long communication - b) Gives a high SNR - c) relatively inexpensive - But Main Problems are - Dont pass through buildings well - Weather and frequency dependent

TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 3) Infrared and Millimeter waves ( 30 GHz Frequency Band) - Widely used for short range communication - Unable to pass through solid objects - Used for indoor wireless LANs, not for outdoors - It can also be used in small Wireless Personnel Area Network (PAN)

TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

4) Light wave transmission - Unguided optical signal such as LASER - Connect two LANs in two buildings via LASER mounted on their roof - Unidirectional, easy to install, dont require license - But Main problems are a)Unable to penetrate rain or big fog b)LASER beam can easily be diverted by turbulent air

CELLULAR SYSTEMS
Region is divided in to the cells. Dots into the cells indicate the Base Station (BS) Cell is of irregular shape in nature ( not hexagonal or any other shape). Its just for depiction or illustration Link budget ( defined as total power emitted to the total power received). If the received power is less due to tall buildings then it affects cell boundary

What determines the cell boundary

1.

CELLULAR SYSTEMS (CONT.)

2. Capacity
Mainly depends on the number of users that can be accommodate in to the particular cell ( Ultimately it depends on the system BW). In CDMA system cell boundary is not fixed but adaptive 3. Interference Mainly due to the Reuse Channels used to maximize capacity

1. 2.

Practically there is an overlapping between the cells (not as shown in the figure). Main reason for that is To get perfect base stations, which has good signal strength. ( without overlapping its not possible) For easy handoff

WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLANS )

WLANs connect local computers (100m range => confined regions) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone internet provides best-effort service Poor performance in some applications because of shared channel (e.g. Video) Low mobility Best example is IEEE 802.11b WLAN

SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Cover very large areas (global coverage) - Very useful in sparsely populated areas: rural areas, sea, mountains, etc. Different orbit heights - GEOs (39000 km) Vs LEOs (2000 km) Optimized for one-way transmission - Radio and movie (satTV) broadcasting Expensive base stations (satellites)

SATELLITE SYSTEMS (CONT)

Limited-quality voice/data transmission Traditional Applications - Weather satellite - Radio and TV broadcasting - Military satellites Telecommunication Applications - Global telephone connections - Backbone for global network - GPS

PAGING SYSTEM
Broad coverage for short messaging Message broadcast form all base stations Simple terminals - Low complexity, very low power pager (receiver) devices Optimized for 1-way transmission (Simplex) Answer-back hard Overtaken by cellular

PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PANS)

Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 2.4 GHz band (crowded) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels 1 Mbps data rate shared between 7 devices TDD duplex scheme Polling based multiple access Widely Supported by telecommunications, PC, and Consumer electronics companies

AD-HOC NETWORKS

Peer-to-peer communications No backbone infrastructure Routing can be multihop Topology is dynamic Fully connected with different sink SINRs

AD-HOC NETWORKS (CONT)

Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many emerging applications The capacity of such networks is generally unknown Transmission, access and routing strategies for these networks are generally ad-hoc Cross layer design is critical and very challenging Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication and networking

SENSOR NETWORKS

Energy is the driving constraint Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries Data flows to centralized location Low per-node rates but up to 100000 nodes Data highly correlated in time and space Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception, compression, and signal processing

SENSOR NETWORKS (CONT)

sensor network is the subset of an ad-hoc network with following main differences 1) Each node must have sensor with some assigned job 2) Ad-hoc network serves general problem 3) General routing protocols in ad-hoc networks

DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OVER WIRELESS LINKS

Packet loss and delays impacts controller performance Controller design should be robust to network faults Joint application and communication network design

ULTRA WIDE BAND SYSTEMS

It is an emerging wireless communications technology that can transmit data at around 100Mbps. (can acceded up to 1000 Mbps) UWB transmits ultra-low power radio signals with very narrow pulses (nanosecond) Because of its low power requirements, UWB is very difficult to detect (hence secure)

ULTRA WIDE BAND SYSTEMS (CONT)

UWB has BW of 7.5 GHz varies 802.11a has 100 MHz BW Amplitude is very less compare to 802.11a means very less power. Hence no need of licensing.

ULTRA WIDE BAND SYSTEMS (CONT)

Why UWB ? Exceptional multi-path immunity (resolves narrow pulses easily with the help of sophisticated Rack receiver) Low power consumption (battery life up to 6 months) Large bandwidth Secure communications ( because of noise like pulse) No need for a license to operate (less power, hence no chance of interference with others) Next generation communication system (enough capable to replace bluetooth)

SPECTRUM REGULATION
Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU (International Telecomm Union) ITU auctions spectral blocks for set applications Some spectrum set aside for universal use spectral allocation/regulation heavily impacts the evolution of wireless technology

STANDARD BODIES
CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio) - study groups for radio spectrum usage and internetworking of wireless systems Radio Communications Sector ITU-R - world conferences, radio regulations Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU-T - all worldwide wire line and wireless standards - IEEE standards often accepted

BASIC CONCEPTS: MULTIPLE ACCESS

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share a finite amount of radio spectrum. The sharing of spectrum is required to achieve high capacity by simultaneously allocating the bandwidth Constraint: there should not be severe performance degradation

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (1)

-

First Generation Launched in the mid- 1980s Analog systems Analog modulation, mostly FM Voice traffic only FDMA/FDD multiple access Confined to national boundaries (no international roaming facility) - Example: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (2)

Second Generation (2G) Developed for voice communications Digital systems, digital modulation TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access - Provides data rates of the order of ~ 9.6 Kbps -

 It supports 3 TDMA standards 1) GSM: supports eight time slotted users for each 200 KHz radio channel 2) Interim Standard 136 (IS-136): supports three time slotted users for each 30 kHz radio channel 3) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC): same as IS-136 but used in japan 1 CDMA standard 1) IS-95 or CDMAone: supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded and simultaneously transmitted on 1.25 MHz channel.

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (3)

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (4)

Limitations of Second Generation (2G) - Developed for voice communications (unsuitable for data traffic) - Average rate of the order of tens of kbps - Not suitable for internet (packet switched services) - Multiple standards (no true global coverage)

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (5)

2.5 G - The effort to remove the limitations of 2G systems resulted in 2.5 G - Digital systems - Voice + Low data rate - Existing 2G equipment can be modified. - Supports higher data rate transmissions for web browsing, e-mail traffic and location based mobile service

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (5)

- 2.5G supports Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), that allows standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed format. - It supports GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), which is suited for non real time internet stage. - Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) : uses new digital modulation format, 8-PSK. - By combining the capacity of different radio channels, EDGE can provide up to several megabits per second of data throughput to individual data users

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (6)

3G Digital modulation Simultaneous Voice + High speed data Multi megabit internet Access Voice Activated Calls Multimedia Transmission (MMS)

CELLULAR NETWORKS: EVOLUTION (7)

4G Present communications systems are primarily designed for one specific application, such as speech on a mobile telephone or high rate data in a WLAN The 4G will integrate various networks, functions and applications The 4G will create the global information multimedia village Will support a variety of data rates from 2G to 3G to 3G+, WLAN systems to Pico and small microcellular connectivity and fixed line systems