pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

CONTROLS

An Overview of Conductivity
www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

What is Conductivity
Electrolytic conductivity is a measure of the ability of a solution to carry a current. It is defined as the reciprocal or resistance, in ohms, of a 1cm3 of liquid at a specified temperature which is expressed as siemens/cm. As the range of the conductivity is very low it is frequently expressed as millionths of a siemens or microsiemens/cm (QS/cm). Current in liquid is carried by ions. Any change in concentration of ions will change the conductivity of a liquid. Ions are formed in a liquid when a solid, such as a salt, is dissolved. NaCl (table salt) is dissolved to form Na+ and Cl- and will contribute to the overall conductivity of the solution.

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Conductivity Terminology and Formulas

Conductivity = Kcell 100-OTC(25.0-TTC) R 100

Kcell = cell constant in cm-1 R = Measured resistance in ohms OTC = temperature compensation factor as % change per C TTC = measured temperature in C

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Conductivity Terminology and Formulas

Kcell can range from 0.01 cm-1 to 50.0 cm-1 Conductance = Conductivity = 1 Resistance 1 = Conductance/cm Resistivity L A

Cell Constant = Kcell =

L = distance in cm between electrodes A = Area in cm2 of the electrodes

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Conductivity Terminology and Formulas

MEASUREMENT Resistance Conductance Resistivity Conductivity UNITS Ohm siemens Ohmycm siemens/cm

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Conductivity for Commonly Used Chemicals

Conductivity is an effective measurement of concentration of pure chemicals. As seen on the following graph, there are well know curves that can be applied to specific chemicals. However, these curves only work with pure chemicals. If other chemicals are added to the process they will influence the conductivity and the analyzer will not be able to track concentration accurately.

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Conductance Data for Commonly Used Chemicals

900000 800000 700000 Conductivity (uS/cm) 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 % by Weight 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Temperature Compensation
Temperature compensation is critical to conductivity measurement. As you can see from the attached graph, temperature has a significant effect of about 2% per C. Therefore, if a solution starts at a temperature of 25 C and a conductivity of 1000 S/cm and the temperature rises to 75 C the conductivity will double to 2000 S/cm. 75 C - 25 C = 50 C change x 2% per C = 100% change 1000 S/cm + 100% change = 2000 S/cm

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Temperature Compensation
2800.00 2600.00 2400.00 Co nduc tivity (microsiemens/cm) 2200.00 2000.00 1800.00 1600.00 1400.00 1200.00 1000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 T emperature (Celcius)

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Temperature Compensation
Temperature compensation is also specific to different types of chemicals. Even though 2% change per C is a good average, the table on the next slide shows the variation between different chemicals. IC Controls analyzers are programmed to allow the user to change the % value in the configuration. This ensures temperature changes will accurately be reflected in the conductivity displayed and output from the transmitter or analyzer. For specific chemicals, like HCl and NaOH, IC Controls can supply these curves pre-programmed into the model 455 so concentration will be displayed very accurately.

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Temperature Compensation
SUBSTANCE Acids Bases Salts Neutral Water % CHANGE PER C 1.0 to 1.6 1.8 to 2.2 2.2 to 3.0 2.0

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Temperature Compensation
2.35 2.25 2.15 2.05 1.95 1.85 1.75 1.65 1.55 1.45 1.35 1.25 1.15 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NaCl HCl NaOH

90 100

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Cell Constants
To determine the amount of current that will flow through a known amount of liquid, the volume between the two electrodes must be exact and the current must be kept consistent and moderate. This is known as the cell constant. Any effective volume change alters the cell constant and current; too much volume will result in noise (low current) and too little volume results in electrolytic effects (high current). Cell constant recommendations will vary depending on the conductivity range of the solution. High conductivity requires a high cell constant and low conductivity requires a low cell constant. Choosing the right cell constant will ensure accurate conductivity. The table on the next slide shows the best cell constants for different application.

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

Cell Constants
Cell Constant
0.01/cm 0.02/cm 0.1/cm 0.2/cm 1.0/cm 2.0/cm 5.0/cm 20.0/cm

Design Range
10 S/cm 20 S/cm 100 S/cm 200 S/cm 1000 S/cm 2000 S/cm 5,000 S/cm 20,000 S/cm

Lowest Range
0 S/cm 0 S/cm 10 S/cm 20 S/cm 100 S/cm 200 S/cm 500 S/cm 2000 S/cm

Highest Range
100 S/cm 200 S/cm 1000 S/cm 2000 S/cm 10,000 S/cm 20,000 S/cm 50,000 S/cm 1,000,000 S/cm

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS

pH / ORP Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Chlorine Standards

IC Controls offers a wide variety of sensor and analyzer styles to suit your conductivity needs. Go to the conductivity section of our website www.iccontrols.com to find Quality Water Solutions.

www.iccontrols.com

IC Controls Quality Water Solutions for Conductivity

R1.0 2004 IC CONTROLS