ChE 149: TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA
Engr. Denise Ester O. Santiago
Engr. Michael Vincent O. Laurio
2
nd
Semester A.Y. 2011 2012
Objective
Transferent property
generation
1.Mass
2.Heat
3.Momentum
Assumptions
Transferent property is generated
uniformly at all points in the system
Transferent property is continuously
generated and must be continuously
transferred to a boundary to achieve
steady state
(A)
x+x
(A)
x
G=rate of transferent property
generation
units: property/ time- volume
-x
y
x
z
x x
z
y
(A)
1
(A)
2
G
Balance Equation:


A
x
x A
x
x; by dividing & g Rearrangin
z y A x; A V since
A O G/C I
G
G A A
A V G A
X X X
X X X
SS
=
A
A
=
A
+ +
A
A A = A = A
+ = A + +
/ + =
A +
A +
element the
within generation of rate the to equal
is element volume a across transfer
of rate in the increase that the states -
generation internal er with for transf
balance property nt transfere General
GdV A) d( or
dx
A) d(
0 x at limit the Taking
= + =
+
A
GA
Case 1: If G is constant for entire
volume between 1&2;
Case 2: A &V varies
GV A A = + +
1 2
) ( ) (
Heat Transfer with Internal Generation
Ex. Nuclear reactor fuel elements
Electrically heated wire
From balance equation:
3 3
sm
J
or
ft hr
Btu
units
heat for rate generation internal
) (
=
=
=
= +
q
q
G
dV G dq
GdV A d
For flat slab geometry
ith x may vary w &
T ith may vary w k
) (
,
2 1
1
1
A V G
C
A
dx
C
A
dx
dV G kdT
A
dx
C dV G
dx
dT
kA
C dV G
dx
dT
kA d
dx
dT
kA q
dV G dq
q
q
q
q
q

+ + =
+ =
+ =

=
=
For cylindrical geometry
dr
dT
dx
dT
rL A
rLdr dV
L r V
dV G
dx
dT
kA d
G
dV G dq
q
q
q
=
| =
| =
| =
=

=
2
2
with x varies V & A
assuming
2
constant is k &
0
(0) L (0)(0) L k2 -
: conditions Subs
0 0
dr
dT
: wire of center
;
1
C Evaluate
2 (
2 2
Subs;
1
1
2
1
2
=
+ | = |
= =
+ | = |
| =

|

C
C G
r
C Lr G
dr
dT
Lr k
Lrdr G
dr
dT
Lr k d
q
q
q
For cylindrical geometry
r ith linearly w varies
)
2
(
2
2
0; Subs
2
1
dr
dT
r
k
G
dr
dT
r
G
dr
dT
k
r L G
dr
dT
r L k
C
q
q
r
q

=
=
/
/ |/ =
/
/ |/
=
For cylindrical geometry
r ith linearly w varies
)
2
A
(
)
2
(
Since
q
r
G
q
r
G
A
q
A
q
dr
dT
k
q
q

=
=
=
For cylindrical geometry
2
2
4
2
T k -
2 dr
dT
k -
n; integratio Further
C
r G
kT
dr
r G
d
r G
q
q
q
+ =
=
=


4
r
q
G
- -kT
4
r
q
G
kT -
; conditions surface outside using
(center) T T 0 r
surface) (outside T T r r
; conditions boundary using C Evaluate
2
1
1 2
2
2
1

1

0

1 1

2
=
+ =
= =
= =
C
C
For cylindrical geometry
0 2
2
2
)
0
center at conditions use or
)
2
1
-
2
)
1
2
1
1
2

-kT
4
(0)
q
G
k(T -
r (r
4
q
G
T - k(T -
4
r
q
G
- kT -
4
r
q
G
kT -
Subs;
=
=
=
+
=
C
C
For cylindrical geometry
4
r
q
G
T - k(T -
) k(T -
4
r
q
G
kT - subs;
2
)
0
0
2
=
=
Example
An electrical resistance wire has a melting point at
2500
o
F. The electrical input to a wire 10 ftlong
in in diameter gives a uniform volumetric
heat generation totalling 1400000Btu/hr . The
surface temperature of the wire is 1500
o
F & the
thermal conductivity is 10 Btu/hr ft
2
(
o
F/ft)
a. Can the wire be safely used or will the center
reach its melting point?
b. Calculate the molten core radius
Answer
in r b
F T a
o
o
03967 . 0 )
2612 )
=
=
Mass Transfer with Internal Generation
Ex.
Systems with chemical or nuclear reaction
Diffusion with a chemical reaction
Absorption of NO2 by water to form HNO3
2NO2+H2O 2HNO3
- Absorption & reaction occurs simultaneously
- NO2 diffuses short distance in the liquid water
before it reacts.
NO
2
NO
2
H
2
O
Mass Transfer with Internal Generation
Consider, ECD of component a through a region
in w/c the component undergoes a first order
reaction
a pdt
Or a b
For first order rxn:
plane1
Ca
1
plane2
Ca
2
a b
a
x=x
1
x=x
2
reaction of order
) (
=
= =
n
kC
dt
dC
r
n
A
A
A
Mass Transfer with Internal Generation
V
N
C
dtV
dN
dt
dC
kC
dt
dC
r
A
A
A A
A
A
A
= = =
-
=
-
=
= =
=
; G
vol time
moles
vol time
property
G Since
) (
1 n order 1st Since
N
N
dV kC
dx
dC
DA
G N
dx
dC
DA N
dV G dN
GdV A
A
A
N A
A
A
N A
=
=
= +
=
)
Subs
transfer mass for
) d(
; generation internal with
eqn transport molecular General From
d(
terms &
LODE order 2nd 0 D
D -
) d
1
) ) (d
d
constant A & D geometry, slab - flat For
2
2
2
2
(
(
=
=
=

=
=
=
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
kC
dx
C d
kC
dx
C d
kC
dx
dx
dC
DA
Adx
AdV kC
dx
dC
DA
Adx V
x D k x D k
A
A
A
A
e C e C C
D k m
D
k
m
D
k
m
C
D
k
C
D
k
dx
C d

+
+
=
=
=
=
=
=
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
0
0 ) (D
0
Operator D Use
2 1 1
2 1 1
0
2
0
1 1
2 2
1
2
&
1
x x
0 x BC
evaluate to conditions boundary Subs
C C C
C C C
e C e C C
C C
C C
C C
A
A
A
A A
A A

+
/
+
/
=
=
=
=
/ /
=
=
=
D k x D k x
A
D k x
A
A
D k x
A
D k x D k x
D k x D k x D k x
A A
D k x D k x
A A
D k x D k x
A
e e
C e C
C
C e C e e C
e C e C e C C
e C e C C C
C C
e C e C C
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
2
2 1
) (
2
2 2 1 2
2
)
2 1 2
2
&
1
2 1 2
(
Solving
: condition Second For

+
=
=
=
=

+
/
/
/
/

=
=
=
D k x D k x
D k x
A A
D k x D k x
A
D k x
A
D k x
A
D k x
A
D k x D k x
A
D k x
A
e e
e C C
e e
C e C e C e C
e e
C e C
A
C
C
C C
2 2
2
1 2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1 1

=
=
=
+ =
D k x D k x
D k x x D k x x
A
D k x D k x
A
D k x D k x
D k x
A
D k x x
A
D k x x
A
D k x
A
D k x D k x
A
D k x
A
D k x D k x
D k x
A A
e e
e e C e e C
A
e e
e C e C e C e C
A
D k x
e e
C e C
D k x
e e
e C C
A
D k x D k x
A
C
C
e e C
e C e C C
C C
2 2
)
2
( )
2
(
1 2
2 2
2
)
2
(
1
)
2
(
1 2
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
1 2
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
& Subs

/
/ + /

=
=
= =
=
) sinh(
) ) sinh(( ) sinh(
) sinh( 2
) ) sinh(( 2 ) sinh( 2
2
2 1 2
2
2 1 2
Subs
)
2
( z or x z let
) (
2
1
z sinh
sine hyperbolic of definition the Using
D k x
D k x x C D k x C
A
D k x
D k x x C D k x C
A
z z
A A
A A
C
C
D k x x D k
e e
Example
Momentum Transfer with Internal Generation
s m
s kgm
s N
m kg
m
N
m
N
units
c T
T
c y
unit
T
T c y
g G
G
dx
dV
A A g
G
dV G A g d
3 2 2 3 3
3
/
:
dy
dP
flow of direction in the difference pressure from
) (
sm
s m kg
momentum of generation of rate volumetric
) (
) (
: equation Balance
=
/
/
/
= =
=
=
=
=
/
=
=
t
t
For Incompressible Fluids
dV G
dx
dV
A d
Subs
g G
T
y
P
c T
=
A
A
=
) ( (
:
pressure ith constant w is V &

p
For Flow of Fluids through a circular pipe with
Incompressible Newtonian Fluid
rLdr
y
Pg
dx
dV
rL d
So
rL A
rLdr dV
P P P
L
G
c
T
|
A
A
= |
| =
| =
= A
| = =

2 ) ( 2 (
,
2
2
r SL V
varies A and volume
, constant
1 2
2

r ith linearly w varies also stress shear *

2
-
r ith linearly w varies *
2
) (
) ( 2
0
0 r at 0
dr
dV
: BC Subs
) ( 2
gives, once g Integratin
2
1
1
2
r
y
Pg
g
dr
dV
r
y
Pg
dr
dV
r L
y
Pg
dr
dV
L r
C
C Lr
y
Pg
dx
dV
rL
c
c y
c
c
c
A
A
A
A
+ = +
/ |/
A
A
= /
/
|/
=
= =
+ |
A
A
= |
=
/
t

2
1 2
2
2
1
1
2
2
r
4
r
4
0
0 r r at : BC
4
2
2
) (
n; integratio Further

y
Pg
C
C
y
Pg
V
C r
y
Pg
V
rdr
y
Pg
V d
r
y
Pg
dr
V d
c
c
c
c
c
A
A
=
+
A
A
=
= =
+
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=

2
1 1
2
1
)
1
parabolic is on distributi velocity *
)
2
1
2
S
2
S
f(r) S r w/ varies v
S
(S area flow total
rate flow c volumetri total
velocity average
city point velo a han velocity t
average an measure to convenient more usually is It
(
4
Subs;
1
S
0
r
rdr dS
r
vdS V
V
r r
y
Pg
V
c
| =
| =
| =
=
=
=
=

A
A
=

y
r Pg
V
r
r y
Pg
V
r r
r y
Pg
V
rdr r r
r y
Pg
V
rdr r r
y
Pg
r V
c
c
c
r
c
r
c
A
A
=
/
A /
A /
=

A
A
=

|/ A
A
|/ =

A
A
| = |
/
/

8
)
4
(
4
2
)
4 2
(
4
2
) (
) ( 4
2
) (
4
2 ) (
r of function Subs;
2
1
2 4
1
2
1
2
4
1
4
1
2
1
0
2
2
1
2
1
0
2
2
1
2
1
1
1

= =

A
A
=

2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
) ( 1 2 ) ( 2
v
v
velocity average from
city point velo g calculatin for Equation
ducts circular in
flow laminar for law '
32
D diameter, of in terms Or
r
r
r
r r
s Poiseuille
y
D Pg
V
c

Example
An oil is in laminar flow in a in ID tube at 6
gal/min. The oil viscosity is 300 cP and D is 60
lb/ft
3
. Calculate:
a. P/y (lb
f
/in
2
ft)
b.
y
(lb
f
/ft
2
)
c. V
center
(ft/s)
d. r when point velocity =ave velocity
Answer
a. P/y (lb
f
/in
2
ft) =7.84
b.
y
(lb
f
/ft
2
)=1.18
c. V
center
(ft/s)=19.6
d. r =0.177 in
when point velocity =ave velocity