LTE System Principle 20110525 A 1.0

2010-09
Security Level: Internal Use
LTE system principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved
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Objectives

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to Know the backgrounds of evolution Know system architecture of LTE Know key features of LTE
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Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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References

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3GPP TS 3GPP TS 3GPP TS
36.401 36.101 36.211
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Contents
1. Overview 2. LTE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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Contents
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Mobile communications standards landscape
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3GPP Releases

3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE and the HSPA Evolution
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE
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LTE will be the Single Global Standard

GSM
700M 800M 850M 900M 1500M 1700M 1800M 1900M 2100M
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>1.2Gbps /80MHz
Spectral Efficiency
New Key Tech Title 300Mbps .
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UMTS
150Mbps /20MHz
FDD LTE
/20MHz
Relay
CDMA
42Mbps /5MHz
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84Mbps /10MHz
4x4 MIMO DC 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO
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2300M 2600M
TD-SCDMA
21Mbps /5MHz
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28Mbps /5MHz 2x2

MIMO
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2x2 MIM O 64QAM
OFDM OFD M 64QAM 64QAM
OFDM
TDD LTE
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WiMAX
2x2 MIMO 64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
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LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.

Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 8
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SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

Spectrum for LTE
LTE 2600MHz
Smooth Transition to LTE

GSM+UMTS
SDR SDR
LTE
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2100MHz
UMTS
GSM
1800MHz GSM GSM UMTS LTE 2010 2011 2012 LTE
LTE
mRRU MRFU
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900MHz 800MHz
LTE
SDR
SDR
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GSM+LTE Spectrum refarming starts from 900M/1800M, which can be utilized for LTE deployment. SDR technology supports flexible and smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.
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Technolog y GSM UMTS LTE
800M
900M
1800M
2100M
2.6G
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LTE requirements and targets

Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then 100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
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Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)
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Improved spectral efficiency Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) to meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement
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Simplified network architecture Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.
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LTE technical features

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
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LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the timefrequency resource is dynamically shared between users. This is similar to the approach taken in HSDPA
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Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing which can increase data rate prominently
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LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
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Support SON
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LTE frequency bands

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LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands

2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450 MHz, etc , refer to 36.101 for details.
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Transmission bandwidth could be:

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB 1.4 6 3 15 5 25 10 50 15 75 20 100
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Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB] Transmission Bandwidth [RB]
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Channel edge
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Channel edge
Resource block
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Active Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink only)
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LTE Release 8 Bands

Band Duplex FDL_low (MHz) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD 2110 1930 1805 2110 869 875 2620 925 1844.9 2110 1475.9 728 746 758 FDL_high (MHz) 2170 1990 1880 2155 894 885 2690 960 1879.9 2170 1500.9 746 756 768 0 600 1200 1950 2400 2650 2750 3450 3800 4150 4750 5000 5180 5280 0-599 600-1199 1200-1949 1950-2399 2400-2649 2650-2749 2750-3449 3450-3799 3800-4149 4150-4749 4750-4999 5000-5179 5180-5279 5280-5379 NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low (MHz) 1920 1850 1710 1710 824 830 2500 880 1749.9 1710 1427.9 698 777 788 FUL_high (MHz) 1980 1910 1785 1755 849 840 2570 915 1784.9 1770 1452.9 716 787 798 18000 18600 19200 19950 20400 20650 20750 21450 21800 22150 22750 23000 23180 23280 18000-18599 18600-19199 19200-19949 19950-20399 20400-20649 20650-20749 20750-21449 21450-21799 21800-22149 22150-22749 22750-22999 23000-23179 23180-23279 23280-23379 NOffs-UL NUL
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FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
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33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD 1900 2010 1850 1930 1910 2570 1880 2300 1920 2025 1910 1990 1930 2620 1920 2400 26000 26200 26350 26950 27550 27750 28250 28650 36000-36199 36200-36349 36350-36949 36950-37549 37550-37749 37750-38249 38250-38649 38650-39649 1900 2010 1850 1930 1910 2570 1880 2300 1920 2025 1910 1990 1930 2620 1920 2400 36000 36200 36350 36950 37550 37750 38250 38650 36000-36199 36200-36349 36350-36949 36950-37549 37550-37749 37750-38249 38250-38649 38650-39649
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Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
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Example
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LTE standardization and specifications

Huawei mirror site for 3GPP specifications.
http://szxmir01-in.huawei.com/www.3gpp.org/www.3gpp.org

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The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits the structure of UTRAN 25 series:
36.1xx series is about the physical layer general aspect 36.2xx series is about radio interface physical layer 36.3xx series is about the radio interface layer 2 and 3 36.4xx series is about the terrestrial interfaces (S1, X2 )
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Contents
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LTE System architecture

UMTS LTE
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LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

Less equipment node and easier deployment Less transmission delay and easier O&M S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack
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LTE-SAE System architecture

An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same time developed, which generally is called System Architecture Evolution.
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The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched domain, and migrate away from the circuit-switched domain
HSS eNodeB MME S1-MME S6a Gxc S11 Rx Gx PCRF Control plane User plane
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LTE -Uu
X2
S1-U
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S1-MME eNodeB S1-U
S5
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SGi P-GW
Operator's IP Service
S-GW
UE
LTE
SAE
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E-UTRAN functions
Transfer of user data Radio channel ciphering and deciphering Integrity protection Header compression Mobility control functions Handover Paging Positioning Inter-cell interference coordination Connection setup and release Load Balancing Distribution function for NAS messages NAS node selection function Synchronization Radio access network sharing MBMS function
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Contents
1. Overview 2. TE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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Basic principles of OFDM

Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-carrier transmission.
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Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
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Why use OFDM?

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Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers as close as possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
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In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater chance for Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both of these problems: OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated carriers to overlap without interference (no ICI). It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus helping to eliminate ISI.
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OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT

OFDM modulation implementation in LTE

Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N f=30720000Hz
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LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

Channel FFT Size Bandwidth 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz 128 256 512 15kHz 1024 1536 2048 15.36MHz 23.04MHz 30.72MHz Subcarrier Sampling Rate Bandwidth 1.92MHz 3.84MHz 7.68MHz
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Cyclic-prefix insertion
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Cyclic-prefix insertion

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Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used in case of OFDM transmission
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The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding samples are discarded before OFDM demodulation
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Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time dispersion is shorter than the cyclic-prefix length.
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Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration Normal Cyclic Prefix Extended Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz CP Length (Ts) 160 for slot 0 144 for slot 1, 2, 6 f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz 512 for slot 0, 1, 5 1024 for 0, 1, 2 Time ~ 5.208s ~ 4.688s ~16.67s ~ 33.33 s Delay Spread ~ 1.562km ~ 1.406km ~ 5km ~ 10km
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Advantage of OFDM

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High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum
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With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol duration is used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path environment and better entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol interference)
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Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be minimized
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OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)
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Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum
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Peak to Average Power Ratio
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The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the linear amplifiers This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.
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SC-FDMA in uplink

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SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multicarrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink. SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which looks like a single carrier.
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OFDM used in LTE
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
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OFDMA used in LTE.

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Anti multi-path interference Anti frequency selective fading Higher spectrum efficiency Easy to cooperate with MIMO for higher throughput Flexible multi-users scheduling
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UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)

Save terminals cost & power consumption Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-S-OFDM, which is similar to OFDM Higher spectral efficiency compare with traditional single carrier technology.
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
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Downlink PRB Parameters

Configuration Normal Cyclic Prefix Extended Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz 12 f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz 24 6 3 NSCRB NSymbDL 7
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Normal CP Configuration
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OFDM Symbol Mapping
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Channel-dependent scheduling

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Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
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LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
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For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1 ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz
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Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO

Receive diversity: SIMO Transmit diversity: MISO Multi-antenna reception and transmission: MIMO
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Fundamentals of MIMO: The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.
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The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and received by multiple antennas. And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial signature of each data stream.
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MIMO Modes
Transmission Mode
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4
Transmission scheme
single-antenna port (port 0) transmit diversity open-loop space division multiplexing Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
Reference
It is compatible with single-antenna transmission It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is applicable within low SINR environment It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and SINR environment It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases the peak rate, and is applicable within low rate but high SINR environment It improves cell throughput It increases cell coverage It weakens interference and increases cell coverage It increases cell throughput
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Mode 5
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Multi-user MIMO Closed-loop precoding with rank of 1 Beamforming, singleantenna port (port 5) Dual-antenna port: Dualstream BF
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Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8
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8 MIMO modes specified in 3GPP LTE standard
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Advantages of MIMO

Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for beamforming. Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading. Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.
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Data Streaming
MIMO Channel
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UL Virtual MIMO
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Benefits
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput. Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.
Features
The uplink channels of paired users must be with good orthogonality to each other to prevent interference. Multi-users use the same timefrequency resource.
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MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell Throughput

1x2 SIMO
Throughput (Mbps) xx.xx%: Gain
m
eNode B
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UE 1
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Macr o
L LL T TT EEE
18.15%
16.4 13.88 9.42
SIMO MIMO
28.34%
12.09
15.12%
14.23 12.36
2x2 MIMO
eNodeB UE 1
ISD:500m Speed:3km/h
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Throughput (Mbps)
xx.xx%: Gain
46.94%
34.15
46.40%
35.18
SIMO MIMO
56.68%
26.87 23.24 24.03 17.15
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Micro
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In typical urban area:
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15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro

Outdoor-to-Indoor Speed: 3km/h Outdoor-to-Outdoor Speed: 3km/h Outdoor-to-Outdoor Speed: 30km/h
~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro
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More Gains through Higher-order MIMO

DL 44 MIMO UL 24 MU-MIMO
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eNodeB UE 1 UE 1 eNodeB
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UE 2
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4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO: ~ 50% gain in average cell 23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput throughput
2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO: 23%~90% increasing in edge user ~50% gain in average cell throughput throughput
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AMC & 64QAM

AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the channel coding rate Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM Turbo code
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Features
Provide higher-data-rate services Significantly improve the system throughput Improve users experience High-order modulation scheme used within excellent channel condition
Huawei Confidential
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OFDM Signal Generation
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Inter-cell interference coordination

By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of the spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be used to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
4 2 2 7 6 1 1 6 5 5 9 Cell 7 3,6,9
Frequency
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Cell
1,4,7
Power
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Frequency
3 3 Cell 4 8
Power
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2,5,8
Power Frequency
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Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells 30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)
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LTE Key Technologies

Deployment Stage Network Planning & Design SelfSelf-Planning Installation & Initial Tuning Self-Config. Self-Config.
SON
Network Performance Improvement SelfSelf-optimiz.
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Operation & Maintenance Stage Network Operation & Maintenance SelfSelf-Optiz. & Maintenance Network Upgrade and evolution
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Self-Organising Network (SON) SON effectively reduces human intervention in deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves both CAPEX & OPEX. SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference intercoordination to improve cell edge throughput and user experience
eNB 1
eNB 2
eNB 3
Huawei Confidential
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SON Improving Operation Efficiency
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Planning Phase
Deploymen t Phase
Optimization Phase
Maintenance Phase
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Automatic Network Planning Automatic Config. Planning Automatic Parameter Planning
Automatic PCI/TA Optimization Automatic Neighbor Relation Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System Load Balance, RACH Optimization Inventory Management Sleeping Cell detection Antenna Fault Detection Cell/interface/sub. trace
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Self- configuration (Plug & Play) Auto Software Management
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SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes
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Typical SON Features at Initial Stage

ANR: Automatic Neighbor Relation Self-Config.: Quick Deployment
S/W
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File Server
Config Config Config
EMS + DHCP
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New
Config S/W
eNodeB
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Save cost & Improve exactness Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor relation
Plug & Play Installation Shorten deployment duration
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MLB: Mobility Load Balancing

Cell A Cell B Cell B Cell C
MRO: Mobility Robust Optimization

Value
unnecessary HO Rate
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Cell A Cell B Cell C
HO successful rate
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Optimizing cell reselection and handover parameters Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate, Reduce unnecessary redirection More reliable Improve network KPI by HO optimization
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Thank you
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LTE System Principle 20110525 A 1.0

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LTE System Principle 20110525 A 1.0

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2010-09

Security Level: Internal Use

LTE system principle

Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved

3GPP TS 3GPP TS 3GPP TS

36.401 36.101 36.211

Mobile communications standards landscape

LTE will be the Single Global Standard

28Mbps /5MHz 2x2

2x2 MIM O 64QAM

OFDM OFD M 64QAM 64QAM

2x2 MIMO 64QAM

LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.

SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

 Smooth Transition to LTE

Technolog y GSM UMTS LTE

LTE requirements and targets

LTE technical features

LTE frequency bands

LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands

Transmission bandwidth could be:

Active Resource Blocks

DC carrier (downlink only)

LTE Release 8 Bands

Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation

LTE standardization and specifications

LTE System architecture

LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

LTE-SAE System architecture

S1-MME eNodeB S1-U

Basic principles of OFDM

Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-carrier transmission.

Why use OFDM?

OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT

OFDM modulation implementation in LTE

LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be minimized

Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum

Peak to Average Power Ratio

OFDM used in LTE

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDMA used in LTE.

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Downlink PRB Parameters

OFDM Symbol Mapping

Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO

Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8

8 MIMO modes specified in 3GPP LTE standard

MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell Throughput

In typical urban area:

15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro

~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro

More Gains through Higher-order MIMO

AMC & 64QAM

2pt -5: 8pt ck t: um by nd rs : rial

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

OFDM Signal Generation

Inter-cell interference coordination

LTE Key Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Smooth Transition to LTE