The Evolution of Human Resource Management

Sandy Reed, SPHR, and Myrna L. Gusdorf, MBA, SPHR

Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, students will:

> Recognize the interrelationship of social, political and

economic issues in the history of American labor. > Link the evolution of contemporary human resource (HR) practices to events in labor history. > Assess the effect of current conditions on the practice of HR management. > Formulate hypotheses regarding future HR practices.

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The Early Years of American Labor

Session 1

The Origins of Labor: The Colonial Era

Labor for the New World:
> Indentured servants > Slaves > Religious minorities > Political dissidents > Convicts

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Society and Work in the Colonial Era

Northern colonies:
> Independent craft workers > Tradesmen > Merchants > Farmers

Southern colonies:
> Agriculture > Slaves

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The Revolutionary Era

Emerging ideology of independence. Wide acceptance of Common Sense by Thomas Paine. Some efforts to organize labor:
> In 1778, New York City journeyman printers unite and

gain increase in wages. > In 1785, New York City shoemakers strike for three weeks.

Adam Smith published Wealth of Nations in 1776.

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Growth of the Nation: Late 1700sEarly 1800s

Agriculture vs. industrialization. Growth of textile industry in the north. Invention of the cotton gin. Increased importation of slaves in the South.

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Early Union Activities

Union agitators were blacklisted. Cordwainers case of 1805:

> Guilty of conspiracy. > Injurious to trade.

Conspiracy charges reversed in 1842:

> Commonwealth v. Hunt.

Movement for a 10-hour workday. By 1830, one-third of New Englands labor force were children under the age of 16.

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The Civil War and Late 1800s

Civil War causes:
> Slavery. > Reluctance of Northern workers to compete against

slave labor.

Dramatic industrial growth in the North. Growth of trade unionism. Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. Passage of Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Sharecropping replaces slavery.

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End of the 1800s

Public support for free land became the Homestead Act of 1862. Klondike stampede. Movement from farm to city. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

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A New Century

Not long after the 20th century began...

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Labor Unrest
Increased industrialization resulted in labor unrest. Employment-at-will doctrine. Blacklists. Yellow-dog contracts. Upton Sinclairs The Jungle. Work accidents shocking toll. Lochner v. New York.

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Labor Unrest
1910: Los Angeles Times building bombed during a strike. Secretary-treasurer of the International Union of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers arrested in the bombing. Arrest said to be an attack on unions in particular and labor in general.

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Labor Unrest
Sweatshop labor. Triangle Waist Company Fire of 1911:
> 146 young women and girls died because the

factorys doors were locked to prevent theft.

Catalyst for government involvement.

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Commission on Industrial Relations: The Walsh Report Findings

Lumber workers in the Northwest were paid 20 cents an hour for a 10-hour day. Seasonal unemployment affected tens of thousands of people in Pacific Coast cities. Only the fortunate averaged more than a meal a day. Migrant laborers in California worked in temperatures up to 105 degrees on farms where growers refused to supply them with water.

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Discussion Questions

Why did the government get involved with labor conditions? Of the Walsh Reports findings, what parallels can be made to the modern-day workplace?

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The New Century: From the Roaring 20s to 1950s Prosperity

Session 2

Work and Management in the New Century

Large-scale immigration swells the U.S. labor force. Industrial era in full swing. Fredrick Taylor and the concept of scientific management. Henry Ford and the moving assembly line. World War I and the resulting labor shortage.

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Politics and the Courts

What was happening to labor politically and in the courts?
> States passed child labor laws, but the laws lacked

enforcement. > The Supreme Court upheld yellow-dog contracts. > Court injunctions were used to break strikes. > Business rights were defined as property.

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The Roaring Twenties

Industrialization and urbanization. Mass-production, prosperity and consumer goods. Ford: Eight-hour workday, five days per week, $5 per day. Prohibition and bathtub gin. Charles Lindberg and Babe Ruth. Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Immigration restrictions.

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1920s: What about labor?

Steel industry eliminates the 12-hour workday. Hawthorne studies. Human relations movement in management.

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The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression

October 1929: Stock market crash. 1933: Stocks down 80 percent.
> 25 percent unemployment. > Drought farm migration. > Foreclosure and homelessness.

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1930s Depression and Recovery

Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932:
> Prohibited anti-union injunctions. > Prohibited yellow-dog contracts.

National Labor Relations Act of 1935:

> Right to form unions. > Right to collective bargaining.

The rise of the industrial relations professional. Continued union violence.

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The New Deal and Economic Recovery

Social Security Act of 1935. Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):
> Minimum wage - $.25/hour. > 40-hour workweek. > Overtime at time-and-one-half. > Standards for child labor.

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1940 and World War II

1939: War begins in Europe. 1940: First American peacetime draft. December 7, 1941: Attack at Pearl Harbor. America enters the war. Labor shortage. Women and African Americans flood defense industries.

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After the War

1945: End of World War II. Growing unrest between labor and management. 1947: Labor-Management Relations Act (TaftHartley Act):
> Restricted union activities. > Allowed for right-to-work states.

Women fired as soldiers return to work.

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What About Management?

Specialization of functions within organizations. Professional industrial relations worker. Research:
> Taylors scientific management. > The Hawthorne studies. > Maslows hierarchy of needs.

Labor no longer merely a factor of production. The rise of the personnel administrator.

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Managing People
Education for industrial relations:
> 1945: University of Minnesota established the Industrial

Relations Center. > 1946: Cornell University established the School of Industrial and Labor Relations.

Personnel management organizations:

> 1945 American Society of Training Directors.

Changed to American Society for Training and Development in 1968. > 1948 American Society for Personnel Administration. Changed to Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in 1989.

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The 1950s and Prosperity

Employment at will. Unionization: 35 percent of private-industry employees. Peacetime industry:
> Housing. > Consumer goods.

Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959:

> Financial disclosure for unions. > Union members bill of rights.

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Life in the 1950s

Television. Technology and science:
> 1951: Univac (Universal Automatic Computer). > 1957: Launch of Sputnik.

1954: Brown v. the Board of Education.

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What Do You Think?

Between the Roaring 20s and the post-war prosperity of the 50s, what event do you think had the most effect on HR? Why? What still carries over to todays HR practices? What parallels do you see between this period and contemporary times?

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American Labor Civil Rights and Contemporary HR

Session 3

1960s and Civil Rights

Racial unrest. Civil Rights Act:
> Protection from discrimination. > Protected classes.

Equal Pay Act:

> Ended gender discrimination in compensation.

Affirmative Action. Age Discrimination in Employment Act:

> Protected ages 4065.

Evolving human resources.

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Life in the 1960s

1962: Rachael Carsons book Silent Spring. 1963: President John F. Kennedy is assassinated. 1965: American troops sent to South Vietnam. 1966: Medicare is enacted. 1969: Two American astronauts walk on the moon.

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1970s Employment Law

Legislation
> 1970: Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) > 1970: Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) > 1974: Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(ERISA) > 1978: ADEA amendment > 1978: Pregnancy discrimination protection

Case Law
> 1971: Griggs v. Duke Power > 1978: Concept of sexual harassment

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Life in the 1970s

Economic woes. Oil embargo and gas shortage. Environmental concerns. Feminist movement. Roe v. Wade. U.S. troops come home from Vietnam. Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974. 1976: The nations bicentennial. Apple introduces first consumer computer. 1978: HRCI begins certifications for HR professionals.
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Working and Legislation in the 1980s

1981: Air traffic controller strike. Economic distress:
> Mass layoffs. > Savings and loan crisis. > Stock market plunged 22 percent on Black Monday.

1985: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA). 1988: Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN).

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Life in the 1980s

1986: Another amendment to ADEA. 1986: Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act. 1988: Employee Polygraph Protection Act. 1989: ASPA becomes Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). Erosion of the employment-at-will doctrine. Microsoft introduces MS/DOS. The emergence of AIDS in society and in the workplace.

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Employment Legislation in the 1990s

1990: Older Workers Benefit Protection Act. 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). 1991: Revision of the Civil Rights Act. 1993: Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). 1994: Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA). 1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act.

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Life in the 1990s

Increasing workplace protection for employees. Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill hearings. The Gulf War continued. Rise of the dot-com industry.

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The New Millennium

Technology. Privacy. 9/11: Terrorism and homeland security. Immigration and diversity. Economic conditions. Rising costs of health insurance. Globalization and offshoring. Impending retirement of Baby Boomers.

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The Evolving Role of Human Resource Management

Early labor:
> No human resource management.

Onset of industry:
> Manage factors of production.

Unions:
> Industrial relations professional.

End of WWII:
> Peacetime industry and prosperity. > Personnel administrator.

Civil Rights and Litigation:

> Human resource manager / compliance

Global Business:
> Strategic human resource management

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Current Business Issues and the Effect on HR

Technology changes Privacy Workplace security Globalization; offshoring Immigration AIDS epidemic Aging workforce Employment regulation Litigation

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What About the Contemporary HR Practitioner?

One now reads of six varieties of leadership, four approaches to negotiation, and thirty-four personality types that the shrewd practitioner of human resources should discern.
Gardner (2006)

The days of simply maintaining personnel files and advising on hiring, firing and compensation are long gone for HR professionals. Today they fulfill a variety of roles that require knowledge and competencies in areas that were foreign to them in the past.
Salvatore et al. (2005)

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What Do You Think?

Why is the future of HR so closely related to the political, social and economic events of American society? Which of the events reviewed do you believe had the greatest influence on the workforce as we know it today? Why? What other events could be included? Which has had the greatest influence on the practice of HR? Why?

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