MANAGERIAL ETHICS

Presented by: Group 2

Rohini Kumari Munmun Pattanayak Nirma Tigga Rahul Kumar Susim Sahay Bittu Kumar Anirban Samanta Sultan Hamad Tusi Pranay Rajvir Singh Binit Kumar Yadav

PERSONAL ETHICS AND BUSINESS ETHICS:

 

Personal ethics refers to the set of moral values that form the character and conduct of a person. Organization ethics describes what constitutes right and wrong or good or bad, in human conduct in the context of an organization. It is concerned with the issue of morality that arises in any situation where employers and employees come together for a specific purpose of producing commodities or rendering services for the purpose of making a profit. It deals with moral issue and dilemmas organization face both in business and non-business setting that include academic, social, and legal entities.
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MORALITY AND LAW

Morality is the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct or a system of ideas that fall into those same categories. It is a complex system of general principles and particular judgments based on cultural, religious, and

philosophical concepts and beliefs.

CONTI

Cultures and or groups regulate and generalize these concepts, thus regulating behavior. When someone conforms to the codification, you consider this person to be moral.

DEFINITION OF LAW:
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY:

An

action can be illegal, but morally right example- Freedom movement of India. action that is legal can be morally wrong example- Profit earning company.

An

FORMATION OF MORAL STANDARD

Moral

principles Values passed through heritage and legacy Values from surrounding Values showcased during education Explicit and implicit standards of ones culture Personal life experiences

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORALITY & ETIQUETTE, AND MORALITY AND LAW:

Morality

is the moral code of an individual or of a

society Etiquette is a set of rules for well mannered behavior. It is also an unwritten code or rules of professional behavior such as medical etiquette. Morality is different from professional codes of ethics which are special rules governing the members of a profession.
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HOW ARE MORAL STANDARDS FORMED?

There are some moral standards that many of us share in our conduct in society. These moral standard are influenced by a variety of factor such as the moral principles we accept as part of our upbringing, values passed on to us through heritage and legacy, the religious values that we have imbibed from childhood, the values that were showcased during the period of our education, the behavior pattern of those who are around us, the explicit and implicit standard of our culture, our life experiences and more importantly, our critical reflections on these experiences. Moral standards concern behavior
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CONTI.
is very closely linked to human well being. These standards also take priority over non-standards, including ones self- interest. The soundness or otherwise of these, of course, depends on the adequacy of the reasons that support or justify them.

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RELIGION AND MORALITY:

Many people believe that morality emanates from religion, which provides its followers its own set of moral instruction, beliefs, values, traditions & commitments. For ex., if we take Christianity it offers its believers a view that they are unique creatures of Devine intervention that has endowed them with consciousness and ability to love. For Christians they emulate the life and example of Jesus who was the very embodiment of love & sacrifice. Their expression of love is shown when they perform selfless act to help even the strangers in distress. Service to human being is an integral part of the Christians virtue.
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CONT

We can take the example of Mother Teresa, who shows the basic Christian virtue of love that found expression in her selfless service to the lepers, the hungry and the people affected with serious terminal diseases. This commitment of love towards ones fellow beings hones the Christians sense of responsibility not only to his family but also to the wider community.
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Trees give fruits to assist others. Rivers flow to help others. Cows produce milk to feed others. In the same way, our own human body should also be employed for the assistance of others.
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CONTI.
Unlike in Christianity where most of the moral principles are drawn from the teachings of Christ who also provided the interpretations for the Ten Commandments and other moral standards gleaned from the Old Testament, Hinduism, the major religion in India, does not provide one acceptable source of moral standards. The Hindu view of moral standards is drawn from a large and bottomless cauldron that contains values accrued from various religious beliefs. The Hindu moral standards are examplified in works such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, Panchatantra, Naganantham and the Jataka tales.

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CONTI.

One of the common fundamental area of agreement which can be called the Indian religious tradition is the theory of karma, the doctrine of the soul and the doctrine of mukti (freedom). Almost all the Hindu religious traditions agree in the belief that a persons actions leave behind some sort of potency which provide the commensurate power to ordain joy or sorrow in the persons future birth.

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CONTI.
When the fruits of actions are such that they can not be enjoyed in the present life, it is believed that the benefits for the righteous deeds or penalties for wrong doing will be reaped in the persons next birth, as a human or any other being. It is also believed that the unseen potency of the action generally requires some time before it could give the doer the merited enjoyment of benefit or punishment. These would accrue and set the basis for enjoyment and suffering for the doer in the persons next life. Only the extreme fruits of those good or bad actions can be reaped in the person's present life.

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CONTI.

| : || In all the 18 'Puranas' Shri. Vyaasa Maharshi has told only two gospels: Doing favour to others is 'Punya' and troubling others is 'Paapa' (Sin)!!

The nature of a persons next birth is determined by the pleasant or painful experiences that have been made ready for that person by the maturing actions in this life.
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BHAGAVAD GITA CHAPTER 2, SLOKA 47

:
Karmanye vadhikaraste: We have a right to work only. Maa phaleshu kadachana: No right for the fruits thereof. Maa karma phla-heturbhuh: Let not the fruits be our motive Maa te sangostv akarmani: Let not be attached to inaction.

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CONTI.
The Bhagawad Gita underlines the fact that a person has a choice in action, but never in its outcome. The results are determined the moment the action is carried out- the fruits thereof can not be avoided, and in any case, are not under the control of human beings. Therefore, people should concentrate on their actions without worrying about the results they will bring.

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CONTI
All religious thinking leads to the general principles of ethical conduct that must be followed for the attainment of salvation. Controlling all passions, no injury to the life in any form, and a check on all desires for pleasures, are principles which are acknowledged universally in all Hindu traditions and beliefs. The Indian religious philosophy drawn from the different religion ethos and tenets provide a rich tapestry for ethical theories. So, religion, therefore, provides not only a formal system of worship, but also a prescription for social intercourse.
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CONTI
William H. Shaw quotes the most celebrated religious mandate which is found in all major religious of the world Do unto others as you would have them do unto you This injunction epitomizes one of mankinds highest moral ideals. Religious organizations do take positions and articulate their stands on specific issues on such diverse fields of human endeavor as politics, education, economy, administration and medicine etc.

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MORALITY, ETIQUETTE AND PROFESSIONAL CODES:

It is also necessary to understand the difference between Morality and etiquette, and morality and law. While morality is the moral code of an individual or a society, etiquette is a set of rules for well mannered behavior. Etiquette is an unwritten code or rules of social or professional behavior such as medical etiquette.

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CONTI
Morality can be also differentiated from law which consists of statutes, regulations, common law and constitutional law. Morality is different from professional codes of ethics which are special rules governing the member of a profession, say of doctors, lawyers and so on. Morality is not necessarily based on religion as many people think. Although we draw our moral beliefs from many sources, for ethicists the issue is whether these beliefs can be justified.

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CONTI
When people work in organizations, several aspects of corporate structures and functions tend to undermine a persons moral responsibility. Organizational norms, group commitment to certain goals, pressure to conform and the diffusion of responsibility can all make the exercise of personal integrity in the context of an organization difficult.

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CONTI...
Moral principles provide confirmatory standard for moral judgments. This process, however, is not mechanical. Principles provide a conceptual framework that guides people in making moral decisions. Careful thoughts and reflection with an open mind are very necessary to work from ones moral principle to make a moral judgment. A person can hold a moral or ethical belief only after going through a process of a conscientious effort to be conceptually clear, to acquire all relevant information, and to think rationally, impartially and dispassionately about the belief and its implications.
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MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS:



Management of any business involves hundreds of decisions. Ethical issues occur in all decision making process. The success of any organization is measured by revenues, profits, cost-cutting, quality, quantity, efficiency. These objective of organization may run in direct conflict with its social commitment which is measured in terms of obligation to stakeholders, both within and outside organization.

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Cost-cutting may be used as a tool to enhance revenue and profit. In the process of realizing profit, the company may layoff some workers. For its own survival, it is necessary that the organization should maintain its competitive edge in the market. It should produce useful, safe, and quality products and services at affordable prices. While doing so, the organization should ensure that the interests of stakeholders are not adversely impacted. This 27 requires fine balancing act on the part of organization.

THANK YOU
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