CCNA 1 Chapter 9

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing

History and Future of TCP/IP

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions. Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model.

Application Layer - 1
Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer.

Application Layer Examples - 2

Telnet (telnet) Provides the capability to remotely access another computer Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (smtp) transmission of email over networks File Transfer Protocol (ftp) A reliable, connection oriented TCP service to transfer file between systems. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) Works with the World Wide Web

Transport Layer
Provides transport services from the source host to the destination host logical connection between the networks endpoints Five basic services for TCP: Segmenting upper-layer application data Establishing end-to-end operations Sending segments from one end host to another end host Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control

Internet Layer - 1
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. IP performs:
Define packets and addressing scheme Transfer data between Internet and Network Access Layer Route packets to remote hosts

Internet Path Determination - 2

Network Access Layer

The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network media. It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers.

OSI Model and TCP/IP Model - 1

Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models - 2

Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers. Packet-switched, not circuit-switched, technology is assumed. Networking professionals need to know both models.

Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models - 3

TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does.

Internet Architecture - 1
Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected. LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain number of stations or geographic separation.

Internet Architecture - 2
Internetworking building networks of networks and usually it is called Internet Uses see TCP/IP cloud Physical details hidden from users

Internet Addresses

IP Addressing: Network & Host

Network address help to identify route through the network cloud Network address divided into two parts: Network host Different network protocols have their own methods of dividing the network address into network and host portions. (We will only discuss IP.)

IP Internet Addresses

IP Path Determination

Path determination is determined by Routing Protocols (OSPF, EIGRP, RIP, etc.) - later

Network Addressing: Network & Host

Phone numbers are similar to network addresses Area Code / Phone Number 831 479-5783 831 Network Portion 479-5783 Host Portion 831 Santa Cruz / Monterey Counties 479-5783 Rick Graziani, Cabrillo College

Computer Mobility
Layer 2 (Ethernet) and Layer 3 (IP) Addresses are needed: Layer 2 / MAC address Physically burned into the NIC Doesnt change The devices real identity Layer 3 / Protocol address Set with software The devices mailing address Needs to change when device is moved

What is the MAC and IP Address on my computer?

Flat versus Hierarchical

Layer 2 - Flat addressing schemes
Next available Social Security Number MAC addresses

Layer 3 - Hierarchical addressing schemes

Phone numbers ZIP codes IP addresses

Layer 3 Addresses = Organized by Network

Cabrillo UCSC Your ISP

 

  

Layer 3 Addresses are organized by network. To know the layer 3 address, means you know what network this packet belongs to. Routers maintain lists of layer 3 network addresses to route the packet to the right network. Layer 2 addresses are still used! Hosts will have both Layer 2 and Layer 3 addresses. We will see how these work together a little later.

IP Addressing Format
An IP address has two parts: network number - bits refer to the network
number

host number - bits refer to the host number

IP Addressing Format
IP Addresses are 32 bits. Where the network part ends ant the host part begins depends on the subnet mask (coming).

Divide into four 8 bit sections (octets).

Convert from binary to decimal.

IP Addressing Format
The 32 bits of an IP address are grouped into 4 bytes: 1010100111000111010001011000100 10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001 We use dotted notation (or dotted decimal notation) to represent the value of each byte (octet) of the IP address in decimal. 10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001 169 . 199 . 69 . 137

IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

Binary and Decimal Conversion for IP Addresses

IP Addresses Type
Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host portion. Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing) Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in most internal networks. Older technology - Classful IP Addressing Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host portion. Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.

Classful IPv4 Addressing

In the early days of the Internet, IP addresses were allocated to organizations based on request rather than actual need. When an organization received an IP network address, that address was associated with a Class, A, B, or C. This is known as Classful IP Addressing The first octet of the address determined what class the network belonged to and which bits were the network bits and which bits were the host bits. It was not until 1992 when the IETF introduced CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), making the address class meaning less. This is known as Classless IP Addressing. For now, all you need to know is that todays networks are classless, except for some

IPv4 Address Classes - 1

IPv4 Address Classes - 2

1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet

Class A Class B Class C

Network

Host

Host Host

Host Host Host

Network Network

Network Network Network

N = Network number assigned by ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) H = Host number assigned by administrator

IPv4 Address Classes - 3

IPv4 Addresses Classes in Binary Pattern

The host portion will be all zeros for the network ID. The host portion will be all ones for a broadcast. The network portion of the address will be all ones for the subnet mask.

IPv4 Addresses as Decimal Numbers

In the early days of the Internet, IP addresses were allocated to organizations based on request rather than actual need.

Class A addresses Default Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)

First octet is between 1 126, begins with bin 0 Network Host
8 bits Number between 1 - 126

Host
8 bits

Host
8 bits

With 24 bits available for hosts, there a 224 - 2possible addresses. Thats 16,777,214 nodes!

There are 126 class A addresses. 0 and 127 have special meaning and are not used. 16,777,214 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Only large organizations such as the military, government agencies, universities, and large corporations have class A addresses. For example ISPs have 24.0.0.0 and 63.0.0.0 Class A addresses account for 2,147,483,648 of the possible IPv4 addresses. Thats 50 % of the total unicast address space, if classful was still used in the Internet!

Class B addresses Default Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16)

First octet is between 128 191, begins with bin 10 Network Network Host
8 bits Number between 128 - 191

Host
8 bits

With 16 bits available for hosts, there a 216 2 possible addresses. Thats 65,534 nodes!

There are 16,384 (214) class B networks. 65,534 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Class B addresses represent 25% of the total IPv4 unicast address space. Class B addresses are assigned to large organizations including corporations (such as Cisco, government agencies, and school districts).

Class C addresses

Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24)

First octet is between 192 223, begins with bin 110 Network Network Network Host
8 bits Number between 192 - 223

With 8 bits available for hosts, there a 28 2 possible addresses. Thats 254 nodes!

There are 221 (2,097,152) possible class C networks. 254 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Class C addresses represent 12.5% of the total IPv4 unicast address space.

Class D Addresses A Class D address begins with binary 1110 in the first octet. First octet range 224 to 239. Class D address can be used to represent a group of hosts called a host group, or multicast group. Class E Addresses First octet of an IP address begins with 1111 Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and should not be used for addressing hosts or multicast groups.

Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses

An IP address such as 176.10.0.0 that has all binary 0s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address (Network ID).

An IP address such as 176.10.255.255 that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.

Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses

Network ID (Network Addresses) Broadcast Address

Class separates network from host bits

The Class determines the Base Network Mask! Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24) Class C Network: 192.168.1.0 Class A Default Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8) Network: 1.0.0.0 Class B Default Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16) Network: 172.30.0.0

1. 192.168.1.3

2. 1.12.100.31

3. 172.30.77.5

Required Unique Address

Private Addresses

IPv4 Introduction to Subnetting

One solution to the IP address shortage was thought to be the subnet mask. Formalized in 1985 (RFC 950), the subnet mask breaks a single class A, B or C network in to smaller pieces. This does allow a network administrator to divide their network into subnets. Routers still associated an network address with the first octet of the IP address.

Addressing with Subnets

IPv4 vs IPv6 addressing crisis

Exhaustion of the remaining IPv4 network addresses Rapid and substantial increase in the size of Internet

Long Term Solution: IPv6 (coming)

IPv6, or IPng (IP the Next Generation) uses a 128-bit address space, yielding 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374, 607,431,768,211,456 possible addresses. IPv6 has been slow to arrive IPv6 requires new software; IT staffs must be retrained IPv6 will most likely coexist with IPv4 for years to come. Some experts believe IPv4 will remain for more than 10 years.