Gas Turbine Power Plants

Gas Turbine Power Plants
Gas Turbine Power Plants Applied Thermodynamics II

S.Y. B. Tech. ME0207 SEM IV Mechanical Engineering
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
Outline

Application of Gas Turbine Power Plant. Air Standard and Actual Brayton Cycle. Open and Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plants. Methods to Improve Efficiency and Specific Output. Open Cycle with : Intercooling, Reheat, and Regeneration. Effect of Operating Variables on Thermal Efficiency and Work Ratio.
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Applied Thermodynamics II
S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
Introduction
Applications of Thermodynamics
Power Generation Power Cycles Engines Devices / Systems used to produce Net Power Output.
Refrigeration Refrigeration Cycles Refrigerators / Heat Pumps / A.C. Devices / Systems used to produce Refrigeration Effect.
External Heat is supplied to the Working Fluid from an external source such as a Furnace / Geothermal Well / Nuclear Reactor, etc.
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Internal Heat is supplied to the Working Fluid by burning the Fuel within the System Boundaries.
Introduction
Thermodynamics Cycles
Gas Cycles
Vapour Cycles
Working Fluid remains in Gaseous Phase throughout the Cycle.
Working Fluid exists in Vapor Phase during part of the Cycle, and in liquid phase during remaining part.
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Introduction
Thermodynamics Cycles
Closed Cycles
Open Cycles
Working Fluid returns to Initial State at the end of the cycle, and is Recirculated.
Working Fluid is Renewed at the end of each cycle, and thus us Non-Recirculated.
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Cycle Analysis Basic Considerations

Cycles encountered in actual devices are difficult to analyze, due to : 1. Presence of Complicating Effects, such as friction (Irreversibilities!!) 2. Absence of sufficient time for establishment of the Equilibrium Conditions during the cycle.
Ideal Cycle :
Actual Cycle is stripped of all Internal Irreversibilities and Complexities.
Cycle that resembles closely the actual cycle, but is made up totally of Internally Reversible Processes.
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Cycle Analysis Basic Considerations
Analysis of many Complex Processes can be reduced to a manageable level by utilizing some Idealizations.
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Cycle Analysis Assumptions

Idealizations and Simplifications, commonly employed in the Analysis of Power Cycles can be summarized as :
1. Cycle does not involve any Friction. Therefore, the Working Fluid does not experience any Pressure Drop as it flows in Pipes or devices such as Heat Exchangers. 2. All Expansion and Compression processes take place in a Quasi - Equilibrium manner. 3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are Well Insulated, and Heat Transfer through them is Negligible. 4. Changes in Kinetic and Potential Energies of the working fluid are Negligible.
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Carnot Cycle Engineering Significance

Carnot cycle is composed of four Totally Reversible Processes : 1. Isothermal Heat Addition, 2. Isentropic Expansion, 3. Isothermal Heat Rejection, and 4. Isentropic Compression.
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Carnot Cycles
Closed System
Steady Flow System
Using a Piston Cylinder Device
Using two Turbines + Two Compressors.
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Carnot Cycle : Most Efficient cycle, executed between Source temperature, TH and a Sink temperature, TL,
Lth ,Carnot
Irreversibilities :
TL ! 1 TH
1. Reversible Isothermal Process requires very large heat exchangers for heat to be transferred, and it would take a very long time. 2. Reversible Adiabatic Process requires infinitesimally small time, fraction of a second. Engineering Significance : Carnot Cycle is a Standard against which Actual or Ideal Cycles can be compared.
Air Standard Cycles Assumptions

To reduce the Analysis of Complex Gas Cycles to a manageable level, following Approximations are considered : 1. Working Fluid is Air, which continuously circulates in a Closed Loop and always behaves as an Ideal Gas. 2. All the Processes involved are Internally Reversible. 3. Combustion Process is replaced by a Heat Addition process from an External Source . 4. Exhaust Process is replaced by a Heat Rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state. 5. Air has Constant Specific Heats whose values are determined at 25 C.
Brayton Cycles Ideal For Gas Turbine Engines

Brayton Cycle : Proposed by George Brayton for use in the Reciprocating Oil-Burning Engine at around 1870.
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Brayton Open Cycle

Gas Turbines usually operate on an Open Cycle. Fresh air at Ambient Conditions is drawn into the Compressor, where its Temp. and Pr. are raised. High-Pr. air proceeds into the Combustion Chamber, where the fuel is burned at Constant Pr., with Increase in Temp. Resulting High-Temp. gases then enter the Turbine, where they expand to the Atm. Pr. while producing Power. Exhaust Gases leaving the turbine are thrown out (not recirculated), as an Open Cycle.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Location 1 2 3 4
Pr. Level atm
Temp. Level atm
Brayton Open Cycle
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Brayton Closed Cycle
Compression and Expansion processes remain the same. Combustion process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Addition process from an external source. Exhaust process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection Process to the ambient air.
Brayton Closed Cycle
Combustion process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Addition process from an external source. Exhaust process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection Process to the ambient air.
Gas Turbine
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Gas Turbine
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Gas Turbine
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Gas Turbine
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Gas Turbine Power Plant
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Brayton Closed Cycle Analysis
Made up of Four Internally Reversible processes: 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1

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Isentropic Compression (in a Compressor) Constant-Pressure Heat Addition Isentropic Expansion (in a Turbine) Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection
Applied Thermodynamics II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Neglecting changes in Kinetic and Potential energies, the Energy Balance for a Steady-Flow Process, on a UnitMass Basis :
in
q in
q out
! h h ! C T T ! h h ! C T T
3 2 P 3 2
4 1 P 4 1
q out win w out ! h exit h inlet
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Brayton Cycle :
L th , Brayton
CP T 4 T1 wnet qout ! !1 !1 q in q in C P T3 T 2

1 4 3
T T ! 1 T T
2
T1 1 T2
1
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Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are Isentropic, P2 = P3 and P4 = P1.
T2
P2 ! T1 P1
K 1 K
P3 ! P4
K 1 K
T3 T4
Substituting and simplifying the equation :
L th , Brayton ! 1
1 r p
K 1 K
where;
rp !
P2 P1
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L th , Brayton ! 1 1 r p
K 1 K
L th, Brayton ! f r p , K
Thermal Efficiency of an Ideal Brayton Cycle depends on the Pressure Ratio of the gas turbine and the Specific Heat Ratio of the working fluid.
for
= 1.4
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Highest Temperature occurs at the end of the Combustion process (state 3), and it is limited by the maximum temperature that the turbine blades can withstand. This limits the Pressure Ratios that can be used in the cycle. For a fixed Turbine Inlet Temperature T3, the Net Work Output per Cycle increases with the Pressure Ratio, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease, Compromise between the Pressure Ratio (thus the Thermal Efficiency) and the Net Work Output. Generally, the Pressure Ratio ranges from about 11 to 16.

Functions of Air in Gas Turbines : 1. Supplies the Necessary Oxidant for the combustion of the fuel. 2. As a Coolant to keep the temp. of various components within safe limits.
Drawing in more air than is needed for the complete combustion of the fuel.
AirFuel Mass Ratio of 50 or above is common.
Treating the Combustion Gases as Air does not cause any appreciable error.
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Gas Turbine Power Plants Applications

Two Major Application Areas : 1. Aircraft Propulsion 2. Electric Power Generation.
Aircraft Propulsion
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Electric Power Generation

Gas Turbine Power Plants Advantages

Compared to Steam-Turbine and Diesel Propulsion Systems, Gas Turbine offers : 1. Greater Power for a given size and weight, 2. High Reliability, 3. Long Life, 4. More Convenient Operation. 5. Engine Start-up Time reduced from 4 hrs to less than 2 min!!
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Back Work Ratio

Usually, more than one-half of the Turbine Work Output is used to drive the Compressor.
Back Work Ratio !
Compressor Work 1 } TurbineWork 2
In contrast to Steam Power Plants, where Back Work Ratio is only a few percent. ..!! This is due to : 1. Liquid is compressed in Steam Power Plants instead of a gas. 2. Steady-Flow Work is proportional to Sp. Volume of the working fluid. Therefore, the turbines used in Gas-Turbine Power Plants are larger than those used in Steam Power Plants of the same net power output!!
Development of Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine : Phenomenal Progress and Growth since its first successful development in the 1930s.
Early gas turbines in the 1940s and 50s had efficiencies of about 17 %.
Low Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies + Low Turbine Inlet Temperatures due to Metallurgical Limitations.
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Cycle Efficiency - Improvements

1. Increasing the Turbine Inlet (Firing) Temperatures : - 540 C in the 1940s to 1425 C and even higher today. - Development of New Materials + Innovative Cooling Techniques for the critical components. 2. Increasing the Efficiencies of Turbomachinery Components : - Advanced techniques for Computer-Aided Design. - Aerodynamic Design with minimal losses. 3. Adding Modifications to Basic Cycle : - Efficiencies of early gas turbines are practically doubled by incorporating Intercooling, Regeneration (or Recuperation), and Reheating.
Example 1
Inlet conditions to a Brayton cycle are 1 bar and 300 K. The cycle pressure ratio is 6.5. The temperature at the inlet to the turbine is 1500 K. Calculate the performance parameters of the cycle.
1500 K K 1 K
T2 P2 ! Process 1 2 : T1 P 1
T2 ! (300 K ) 6.5 ! 512.132 K
1.4 1 1.4 rp =6.5
300 K
T3 P3 Process 3 4 : ! T4 P4
K 1 K
T4 ! (1500 K ) ! 878.679 K
6.5
1.4 1 1.4
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Example 1.cntd.
Steady Flow Energy Equation : Compressor Work :
kJ WC ! h 2 h1 ! CP T 2 T1 ! 1.005 (512.132 300) ?K A ! 213.19 kg.K

y
kJ kg
Heat Input :
kJ kJ Q in ! h3 h 2 ! CP T3 T 2 ! 1.005 (1500 512.132) ?K A ! 992.81 kg.K kg

y
Turbine Work :
WT ! h3 h 4 ! CP T3 T 4
Heat Out :
y
kJ kJ ! 1.005 (1500 878.679) ?K A ! 624.43 kg kg.K kJ kg
Q out
kJ ! h 4 h1 ! CP T 4 T1 ! 1.005 (878.679 300) ?K A ! 581.57 kg.K
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Example 1.cntd.
Net Power In :
kJ W ! WT WC ! 624.43 213.19 ! 411.24 kg

y y y
Plant Efficiency : Lth !
W
y
411.24 ?kJ / kg A 992.81?kJ / kg A
! 41.42 % .ANS
Q in
Alternatively;
L th ! 1
1 r p
K 1 K
! 1
?6.5A
1.4 1 1.4
! 41.42 % .ANS
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Gas Turbine Cycle Actual

Actual Gas-turbine Cycle differs from the Ideal Brayton Cycle on several accounts : 1. Pressure Drop during the Heat Addition and Heat Rejection processes. 2. Actual Work Input to the Compressor is more than theoretical. 3. Actual Work Output from the Turbine is less than theoretical. 2. 3.
Irreversibilities!!!
Isentropic Efficiency,
y
LC !
WC , Theor
y
h 2 S h1 h 2 A h1
LT !
WT , Act
y
h3 h 4 A h3 h4S
WC , Act
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WT , Theor
Example 2
In the plant of Example 1, let the compressor and the turbine have the isentropic efficiencies of 0.8 each. Calculate the performance parameters of the cycle. From the earlier results,
T2 ! 512.132 K T4 ! 878.679 K WC ! 213.19 Qin ! 992.81

y y y
1500 K
kJ kg kJ kg
300 K
rp =6.5
kJ WT ! 624.43 kg
Example 2.cntd.
y
LC !
WC , Theor
y
WC , Act
0.8 !
CP 2 S T1 T 2 S T1 T ! ! ! h 2 A h1 CP 2 A T1 T 2 A T1 T h 2 S h1
512.132 300 T 2 A 300
T 2 A ! 565.165 K
1500 K
Similarly;
y
LT !
WT , Act
y
h3 h 4 A h3 h 4S
WT , Theor
CP 3 T 4 A T3 T 4 A T ! ! CP 3 T4 S T3 T4 S T
300 K
rp =6.5
0.8 !
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1500 T 4 A 1500 878.679
T 4 A ! 1002.94 K
Example 2.cntd.
Compressor Work :
kJ 565.165 300 ?K A! 266.49 kJ WC ! 2 A h1 ! C P 2 A T1 ! 1.005 h T kg kg.K

Heat Input :
kJ kJ 1500 565.165 ?K A! 939.51 Q in ! 3 h 2 A ! C P 3 T 2 A ! 1.005 h T kg.K kg

y
Turbine Work :
kJ kJ WT ! 3 h 4 A ! C P 3 T 4 A ! 1.005 h T 1500 1002.94 ?K A! 499.54 kg .K kg

Net Power In : W ! W T W C ! 499.54 266.49 ! 233.05
y y y y
kJ kg
Plant Efficiency :
L th !
W
y
Q in
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233.05 ! 24.8 % .ANS 939.51

Example 2.cntd.
Alternatively;
Actual Compressor Work : W C , A ! W C , S ! 213.19 ! 266.49 kJ

y
LC
y
0.8
kg
Actual Turbine Work : W T , A ! L T v W T , S ! 0.8 v 624.43 ! 499.54 Heat Input :

y
kJ kg
Q in
! h
h2 A
! C T
P y y
T2 A
y
! 1.005
kJ 1500 565.165 ?K A! 939.51 kJ kg kg.K kJ kg
Net Power In : W ! W T W C ! 499.54 266.49 ! 233.05

y
Plant Efficiency :
L th !
W
y
Q in
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233.05 ! 24.8 % .ANS 939.51

Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling

Net Work Output of Gas Turbine can be Multistage + Intercooling!!! by the Compressor Work Input.
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Three Internally Reversible processes: 1-c Isentropic Compression, till Pr. is Pi Constant-Pressure Cooling, from Tc to Td
c-d
d-2
Isentropic Compression, State 2.
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Work Input per unit Mass Flow on the PV Diagram : 1cd2ab1.
Without Intercooling : Single Stage Isentropic Compression from State 1 to State 2. Work Area 12ab1.
Crosshatched Area
Reduction in work due to Intercooling.
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Example 3
Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to 1000 kPa in a two-stage compressor with Intercooling between stages. The intercooler pressure is 300 kPa. The air is cooled back to 300 K in the intercooler before entering the second compressor stage. Each compressor stage is isentropic. For steady-state operation and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy from inlet to exit, determine : (a) the temperature at the exit of the second compressor stage .and, (b) the total compressor work input per unit of mass flow. (c) Repeat for a single stage of compression from the given inlet state to the final pressure.
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Example 3.cntd.
Tc Pc ! T1 P1
K 1 K
Process 1
c:
300 kPa T c ! 300 K 100 kPa ! 410.62 K
1.41 1. 4
P2 Process d 2 : ! T d Pd T2
K 1 K
1000 kPa T 2 ! 300 K 300 kPa ! 423.17 K ANS
1.41 1.4
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Example 3.cntd.
Total Compressor Work Input per unit of Mass :
y
WC
y
h h ! c h1 2 h d
a T T ! CP _ c T1 2 T d
kJ a ! 1.005 _410.62 300 423.17 300 kg .K kJ ! 234.96 kg
ANS
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Example 3.cntd.
For Single Stage Isentropic Compression :
P3 Process 1 3 : ! T1 P1 T3
K 1 K
1000 kPa T c ! 300 K 100 kPa ! 579.21 K
1.41 1.4
Compressor Work Input per unit of Mass :

y
WC
y
! 3 h1 ! C P 3 T1 h T kJ ! 1.005 579.21 300 kg.K kJ ! 280.60 kg

ANS
kJ Compared to 234.96 kg
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Example 4
Let the compression in the basic plant of Example 1 be two-stage with perfect intercooling. Assuming that the intermediate pressure is optimum, calculate the compression work. From the earlier results,
P ! 1 bar 1 T1 ! 300 K P2 ! 6.5 bar T2 ! 512.132 K T3 ! 1500 K T4 ! 878.679 K kJ WC ! 213.19 kg

y
1500 K
rp =6.5
300 K
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Example 4.cntd.
Optimum Intermediate Pr : Pi !
( P1 P2 ) ! (1v 6.5) ! 2.55 bar

c:
Process 1
P2=6.5 bar
Tc
Pc ! T1 P1
K 1 K
2.55 bar T c ! 300 K 1bar ! 389.78 K
1.41 1.4
Compressor Work :
Pi=2.55 bar P1=1 bar
WC ,1 ! i h1 ! C P i T1 h T kJ ! 1.005 389.78 300 ?K A kg.K kJ ! 90.22 kg
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Example 4.cntd.
( P1 P2 ) ! (1v 6.5) ! 2.55 bar
Perfect Intercooling : T d ! T1 ! 300 K

P2=6.5 bar
WC ,Total ! WC ,1 WC , 2 ! 2 v WC ,1
Pi=2.55 bar P1=1 bar
kJ ! 2 v 90.22 kg kJ kJ ! 180.45 Compared to 213.19 kg kg

ANS
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Example 4.cntd.
Alternatively,
n 1 2n 2n P R T1 1 3 ! P n 1 1 1.4 1 6.5 bar 21.4 2 .4 8.314 kJ 1 ! v 300 ?K A 1 kg.K 1 bar 1.4 1 29
W C ,Total
P2=6.5 bar
184.56 kJ !
P1=1 bar
Pi=2.55 bar
kg
ANS
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Gas Turbine Cycle Reheat

For Metallurgical Reasons, the Temperature of the Gaseous Combustion Products entering the turbine must be limited. This temperature can be controlled by providing Air in Excess of the Amount required to Burn the Fuel in the combustor. As a consequence, the gases exiting the combustor contain Sufficient Air to support the Combustion of Additional Fuel. Gas Turbine Power Plants take advantage of the Excess Air by means of a Multistage Turbine with a Reheat Combustor between the stages. With this arrangement the Net Work per Unit of Mass Flow can be increased. NOTE : Reheat is used for It may not
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in Output Power.
the Efficiency!!
Gas Turbine Cycle Reheat
After expansion from State 3 to State a in the first turbine, the gas is Reheated at Constant Pressure from State a to State b.
The expansion is then completed in the second turbine from State b to State 4.
Example 5
Let the turbine in the basic plant of Example 1 have one reheat. If the inlet temperature at the second stage is same as that of first, compute the net power and efficiency. From the earlier results,
kJ WC ! 213.19 kg
y
kJ Qin ! 992.81 kg
y
WT ! 624.43
kJ kg
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Example 5.cntd.
( P1 P2 ) ! (1v 6.5) ! 2.55 bar Ta ! 1500 K ! 1148.11 K 6.5 bar 2.55 bar
1.41 1.4
P3 ! Process 3 a : T a Pi T3
K 1 K
Turbine Work : WT ,1 ! h 3 h a ! C P T 3 T a
kJ ! 1.005 1500 114811 ?K A kg.K kJ 353.64 ! kg

Example 5.cntd.
Optimum Intermediate Pr. + Same Inlet Temp @ both Stages (i.e. T3 = Tb)
WT ,Total ! WT ,1 WT , 2 ! 2 v WT ,1 kJ ! 2 v 353.64 kg kJ ! 707.3 ANS kg

Heat Input to Reheater :
y
Q in , Re heater
kJ kJ ! b h a ! CP b T a ! 1.005 1500 1148.11 ?K A! 353.65 h T kg.K kg

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Example 5.cntd.
W T W C Qin Qin , Re heater
y y
Efficiency : L th !
kJ (707.3 213.19) kg ! kJ (992.81 353.65) kg ! 36.7 % ANS

NOTE : Efficiency BUT, WT from 41.42 % to 36.7 %. from 624.43 kJ/kg to 707.3 kJ/kg...!!
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Gas Turbine Cycle Regeneration

Turbine Exhaust Temperature of a gas turbine is normally much above the ambient temperature. Accordingly, the Turbine Exhaust Gas has a potential for use (Availability or Exergy) that would be irrevocably lost if the gas would discarded directly to the surroundings. One way of utilizing this potential is by means of a Heat Exchanger called a Regenerator, which allows the air exiting the compressor to be preheated before entering the combustor, thereby reducing the amount of fuel required to be burned in the combustor.
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Regenerator : Counterflow Heat Exchanger. Hot Turbine Exhaust Gas and the Air leaving the Compressor pass in Opposite Directions.
Turbine exhaust gas is cooled from State 4 to State y, while the air exiting the compressor is heated from State 2 to State x. Hence, a heat transfer is required only to 3, rather than from State 2 to State 3.
the air temperature from State x to State
Net Work Developed per unit of mass flow is not altered by the addition of a regenerator. Since the Qin is , Qin .
as hx ; and thus Tx .
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Gas Turbine Cycle Regenerator Effectiveness
Regenerator Effectiveness = Ratio of the Actual Enthalpy T Th1 Tc1

Tc Cold Fluid Hot Fluid Th
T Th1 Tc1 Th2

Tc Hot Fluid Th
Increase
to
the
Maximum
Theoretical Enthalpy Increase of the air flowing through the Th2 Tc2 2 A compressor regenerator. side of the
Tc2 A 1
Cold Fluid
Tcold,exit < Thot,in

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Limiting Case : Tcold,exit
= Thot,in
.Reversibility!!!
Gas Turbine Cycle Regenerator Effectiveness

h x h2 h4 h2
L regen !
T x T2 T4 T2
As Qin approaches Reversibility, hx approaches h4 . tends to Unity. (100%).!!!
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Example 6
Assuming that the regenerator incorporated into the basic plant of Example 1 is 90 % efficient, calculate the increase in thermal efficiency. From the earlier results,
P ! 1 bar 1
T1 ! 300 K
T3=1500 K
P2 ! 6.5 bar T2 ! 512.132 K T3 ! 1500 K T4 ! 878.679 K kJ WC ! 213.19 kg

y
kJ Qin ! 992.81 kg
y
T1=300 K
kJ WT ! 624.43 kg
y
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Example 6.cntd.
L regen ! 0.9 ! Tx h x h2 h4 h2 ! T x T2 T4 T2
T3=1500 K
(T x 512.132) ?K A (878.679 512.132) ?K A
! 842.0 K
T1=300 K
Heat Input :
kJ 1500 842 ?K A! 661.26 kJ Q in ! 3 hx ! C P 3 Tx ! 1.005 h T kg kg.K

y
kJ Compared to 992.81 kg
Example 6.cntd.
Efficiency : L th !
W T W C Qin
T3=1500 K
kJ (624.43 213.19) kg ! kJ 661.26 kg ! 62.19 %

ANS
Compared to 41.42 %
T1=300 K
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Example 7
Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to 1000 kPa. The temperature at the inlet to the first turbine stage is 1400 K. The expansion takes place isentropically in two stages, with reheat to 1400 K between the stages at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A regenerator having an effectiveness of 80 % is also incorporated in the cycle. Determine the thermal efficiency. Process 1 2:
K 1 K
T2
P2 ! T1 P1
1000 kPa T 2 ! 300 K 100 kPa ! 579.21 K
1.41 1.4
Process 3
a:
K 1 K
P3 ! T a Pi T3
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Ta ! 1400 K ! 992.51 K
1000 kPa 300 kPa
1.41 1.4
Example 7.cntd.
Process b 4:
K 1 K
Pb ! T 4 P4 Tb
T4 ! 1400 K ! 1022.84 K
300 kPa 100 kPa
1.41 1. 4
L regen ! 0.8 ! Tx
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hx h2 h4 h2
T x T2 T4 T2
(T x 579.21) ?K A (1022.84 579.21) ?K A
! 931.11 K
Example 7.cntd.
( W T W C _h 3 h a ) (h b h4 )a (h 2 h1 ) Efficiency : L th ! ! _h3 h x ) (hb h a )a ( Qin
y y
_T ( !
T a ) (Tb T 4 )a (T 2 T1 )
_T (
T x ) (T b T a )a
_1400 992.51 1400 1022.84 a 579.21 300 ?K A ! _1400 931.11 1400 992.51 a?K A
! 57.67 % ANS
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Example 8
A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at steady state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass flow rate of 5.807 kg/s. The pressure ratio across the twostage turbine is also 10. The intercooler and reheater each operate at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages, the temperature is 1400 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second compressor stage is 300 K. The isentropic efficiency of each compressor and turbine stage is 80%. The regenerator effectiveness is 90 %. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, (c) the net power developed, in kW.
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Example 8.cntd.
P2 s Process 1 2s : ! T1 P1 T2s
K 1 K
300 kPa T 2 s ! 300 K 100 kPa
1.41 1.4
! 410.62 K
L C ,1 !
WC ,1, Theor
y
h 2 s h1 h 2 h1
T 2 s T1 T 2 T1
WC ,1, Act
(410.62 300) ?K A 0.8 ! (T 2 300) ?K A
T 2 ! 438.275 K
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Example 8.cntd.
P4 s Process 3 4s : ! T 3 P1 T4s
K 1 K
1000 kPa T 4 s ! 300 K 300 kPa
1.41 1.4
! 423.17 K
L C ,2 !
WC , 2, Theor
y
h4s h3 h4 h3
T 4 s T3 T 4 T3
WC , 2, Act
(423.17 300) ?K A 0.8 ! (T 4 300) ?K A
T 4 ! 453.96 K
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Example 8.cntd.
Process 6 7s :
T6 T7s
P6 ! P 7s
K 1 K
T7s ! 1400 K
1000 kPa 300 kPa
1.41 1.4
! 992.51 K
L T ,1 !
WT ,1, Act
y
h6 h7 h6 h7s
T6 T7 T6 T7 s
WT ,1, Theor
0.8 !
(1400 T 7 ) ?K A (1400 992.51) ?K A
T 7 ! 1074.0 K
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Example 8.cntd.
Process 8 9s :
T8 T9 s
P8 ! P 9s
K 1 K
T9s ! 1400 K
300 kPa 100 kPa
1.41 1. 4
! 1022.84 K
L T ,2 !
WT , 2, Act
y
h8 h 9 h8 h 9 s
T8 T 9 T8 T 9 s
WT , 2, Theor
0.8 !
(1400 T 9 ) K (1400 1022.84) K
T 9 ! 1098.27 K
ME0207 SEM-IV
Example 8.cntd.
L regen ! 0.9 ! T5
h5 h 4 h9 h 4
T5 T 4 T9 T 4
(T 5 453.96) ?K A (1098.27 453.96) ?K A
! 1033.84 K
ME0207 SEM-IV
Example 8.cntd.
Net Compressor Work : W T ! ( h 2 h 2 ) (h 4 h3 )
y
( ! C P _T 2 T1 ) (T 4 T3 )a
kJ a ! 1.005 _438.275 300 453.96 300 ?K A kg.K kJ ! 293.7 kg

Net Turbine Work : W T ! ( h 6 h 7 ) (h 8 h9 )
y
( ! C P _T 6 T 7 ) (T8 T9 )a kJ a 1400 1098.27 ?K A ! 1.005 _1400 1074.0 kg.K kJ ! 630.87 kg
ME0207 SEM-IV
Example 8.cntd.
Net Heat Input : Q in ! ( h 6 h 5 ) ( h 8 h7 )
( ! CP _T 6 T 5 ) (T8 T7 )a kJ a 1400 1074 ?K A ! 1.005 _1400 1033.84 kg .K ! 695.62

y y
kJ kg
EfficiencyL th ! :
W T W C Qin
kJ (630.87 293.7) kg ! kJ 695.62 kg ! 48.47 % ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV
Example 8.cntd.
kJ 293.7 WC kg L th ! y ! Back Work Ratio : kJ W T 630.87 kg
y
! 46.55 % ANS
Net Power : W Cycle
y kg kJ y y ! m W T W C ! 5.807 630.87 293.7 sec kg y
! 1957.94 kW ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV
ME0207 SEM-IV
ME0207 SEM-IV
ME0207 SEM-IV
ME0207 SEM-IV
ME0207 SEM-IV
Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling + Reheat + Regenerator
ME0207 SEM-IV
Thank You !

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