LIGHT AND OPTICS

DENNIS G. COSMOD
Instructor College of Arts and Sciences Third Chapter-Light, Wave and Optics

Presentation Outline
Nature and Sources of Light Properties of Light Spectra and Color Eye and Defects Illusions

Nature and Sources of Light

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Definition of Light History of Optics Theories of Light Sources of Light Speed of Light

DEFINITION OF LIGHT
Light, form of energy visible to the human eye that is radiated by moving charged particles
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

LIGHT (PHYSICS) electromagnetic radiation: electromagnetic radiation that has wavelengths of any length
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

HISTORY OF OPTICS
Reading material: Optics, Fourth Edition by Eugene Hecht; Adelphi University, 2002 Chapter 1: A Brief History; pp 1-7

THEORIES OF LIGHT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Corpuscular Theory of Light Wave Theory of Light Electromagnetic Theory of Light Quantum Theory of Light Dual Nature of Light

Corpuscular Theory of Light

--- Created in the seventeenth century by Sir Isaac Newton --- States that light emitted by luminous objects consist of tiny particles of matter calledcorpuscles. When corpuscles hit a surface, each partice is reflected. --- Thought that light traveling from air into water will increase the speed, while light entering water will decrease the speed.

Wave Theory of Light

--- Discovered by Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, also in the seventeenth century --- States that light is emitted in a series of waves that spread out from a light source in all directions. These waves are not affected by gravity. --- Furthermore, he disagreed with Newton and said that light traveling from air to water willdecrease the speed, and vice versa. Huygens was proved later to be correct. --- 100 years later, Englishman Thomas Young competely disproved the corpuscular theory by showing that light waves can interfere with each other.

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

Discovered in the nineteenth century by James Maxwell --- Proposed that light waves do not require a medium for transmission. --- Light waves posses electrical and magnetic properties and can travel though a vacuum. Light waves are a part of a larger family of electromagnetic waves and make up the electromagnetic spectrum.

Quantum Theory of Light

Discovered by Max Planck, German scientist in 1900 Stated that light waves travel as separate packets of energy called quanta or photons. --- Merged the subjects of the Corpuscular, Wave, and Electromagnetic Theories together. Later, it was proved that the correct and most accurate theory was the Quantum Theory.

Dual Nature of Light

Waveparticle duality postulates that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. A central concept of quantum mechanics, this duality addresses the inability of classical concepts like "particle" and "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects.

SOURCES OF LIGHT
SUN=warms air, water, and land. Fire=provides heat, light, and cooking fuel. Lightning= Firefly= Flashlight= Light bulb= Laser beams= Optical telephone fibers= *Traffic lights=

*AIMS: Primarily Physics: Light Sources Activity

SOURCES OF LIGHT
Incandescence
In an incandescent light source, hot atoms collide with one another. These collisions transfer energy to some electrons, boosting them into higher energy levels. As the electrons release this energy, they emit photons.

SOURCES OF LIGHT
Luminescence A luminescent light source absorbs energy in some form other than heat, and is therefore usually cooler than an incandescent source. The color of a luminescent source is not related to its temperature.

SOURCES OF LIGHT
Luminescence A fluorescent light is a type of luminescent source that makes use of chemical compounds called phosphors. Fluorescent light tubes are filled with mercury vapor and coated on the inside with phosphors.

SOURCES OF LIGHT
Synchrotron Radiation In a synchrotron light source, electrons are accelerated by microwaves and kept in a circular orbit by large magnets. The whole machine, called a synchrotron, resembles a large artificial atom. The circulating electrons can be made to radiate very monochromatic light at a wide range of frequencies.

SOURCES OF LIGHT
Lasers A laser is a special kind of light source that produces very regular waves that permit the light to be very tightly focused. Laser is actually an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

SPEED OF LIGHT

It moves at about 300,000 km/sec!

Speed of Light, c
Roemers First Measurement of c (1676)

Ios Shadow on Jupiter

Measurements of the Speed of Light

Date Author Method Jupiter's satellites Stellar aberration Toothed wheel Rotating mirror Rotating mirror Electromagnetic constants Rotating mirror Cavity resonator Radio interferometer Lasers Adopted value Result (km/s) 214,000 301,000 315,000 298,000 299,910 299,788 299,796 299,792 299,792.5 299,792.4574 299,792.458 +-500 +-50 +-30 +-4 +-3 +-0.1 +-0.001 Error 1676 Olaus Roemer 1726 James Bradley 1849 Armand Fizeau 1862 Leon Foucault 1879 Albert Michelson 1907 Rosa, Dorsay 1926 Albert Michelson 1947 Essen, Gorden-Smith 1958 K. D. Froome 1973 Evanson et al 1983

But What Medium Does It Travel Through?

The Search for Aether

Michelson - Morley Experiment 1887

Imagine Measuring the Speed of a River

Same Principle as Michelson Interferometer

Measuring Earths Movement through the Aether

Rotating the apparatus would give the direction of the aether drift

Results of the Experiment

 No aether drift was detected, despite repeated experiments!

Conclusion:  Cleveland, Ohio is the center of the Universe or  There is No Aether

Scientists Liked Neither Option

Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Hypothesis

The entire apparatus had shrunk in the direction of Earths motion through the aether!

(Turns out there is some truth in this)

Thank the Gods for Einstein!

 Showed that there is no such thing as aether (nor any need for it). Light is perfectly happy traveling in a vacuum.  The speed of light is the same in any direction, which explains the null result of Michelson and Morley.

QuickTime and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture.

ADDITIONAL INFO:
Our primary source of light is the sun. Light travels in straight lines at a speed of 186,000miles per second. Light waves travel faster than sound waves. Light energy from the sun travels through space , reaches earth, and some of it turns to heat energy and warms the earths air. Light from the sun also travels to the cells of green plants (producers) and is stored as energy. When light reaches an object, it is absorbed, reflected, or passes through it.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rectilinear Propagation Reflection Diffraction Refraction Interference Transmission and Absorption of Light Dispersion of Light Polarization of Light

Rectilinear Propagation
Light travels in straight lines:

LASER

Reflection
Reflection from a mirror:
Normal
Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of incidence

Angle of reflection

Mirror

 The Law of Reflection

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
In other words, light gets reflected from a surface at ____ _____ angle it hits it.
The same !!!

Clear vs. Diffuse Reflection

Smooth, shiny surfaces have a clear reflection:
Rough, dull surfaces have a diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is when light is scattered in different directions

Using mirrors
Two examples:

2) A car headlight 1) A periscope

Reflection
One obvious property of light is that it reflects off of surfaces. Among other things, this gives rise to the images we see in mirrors.

Internal Reflection
An effect that combines both refraction and reflection is total internal reflection. Consider light coming from a dense medium like water into a less dense medium like air.

Refraction
Light refracts, which means that it bends when passing from one medium to another. When light enters a more dense medium from one that is less dense, it bends towards a line normal to the boundary between the two media.

Taking Advantage of Refraction materials, the more The greater the density difference between the two
the light bends. One place where this is used is in lenses for a variety of optical devices, such as microscopes, magnifying glasses, and glasses for correcting vision. An example of an image formed from a lens is shown below.

Dispersion
Another aspect of light that is quite familiar is dispersion. If a beam of white light enters a glass prism, what emerges from the other side is a spread out beam of many colored light. The various colors are refracted through different angles by the glass, and are ``dispersed'', or spread out.

Relect/Refract Combo
When the light coming from the water strikes the surface, part will be reflected and part will be refracted. Measured with respect to the normal line perpendicular to the surface, the reflected light comes off at an angle equal to that at which it entered, while that for the refracted light is larger than the incident angle. In fact the greater the incident angle, the more the refracted light bends away from the normal. Thus, increasing the angle of incidence from path 1 to 2 will eventually reach a point where the refracted angle is 90, at which point the light appears to emerge along the surface between the water and air. If the angle of incidence is increased further, the refracted light cannot leave the water. It gets completely reflected. The interesting thing about total internal reflection is that it really is total - 100% of the light gets reflected back into the more dense medium, as long as the angle at which it is incident to the surface is large enough. Fiber optics uses this property of light to keep light beams focused without significant loss.

Rainbows
Rainbows are phenomena that involve refraction, dispersion, and internal reflection. In order to see a rainbow, it is necessary to look at a portion of the sky containing raindrops with the Sun directly behind you. White light from the Sun enters the raindrops, and gets refracted and dispersed inside the raindrop.

Maybe Too Much Information

When the dispersed light hits the back of the raindrop it gets internally reflected, and when it emerges it gets dispersed even more. Because it refracts more, blue light always emerges from the raindrop above the red light. Consequently, only one color reaches your eye from any given raindrop. What color you see depends on the angle at which you look. In general you must look slightly higher up in the sky to see red light and lower to see blue light. So you what you see is a band of color in the sky, with red on top and blue on the bottom, and all the colors of the rainbow in between. The reason rainbows appear as an arc in the sky is that the colors you see are determined by the angle that your line of sight makes relative to the position of the Sun behind your head. As your look along the blue arc of a rainbow, for example, this angle remains constant.

Diffraction
Another property that light exhibits is that it diffracts, which loosely speaking means it bends around the corner when it passes through an opening.

Interference
The final property of light to discuss is interference, a phenomenon that occurs when two light beams meet. If the two beams enhance each other to give a brighter beam, it is called constructive interference If they beams interfere in a way that makes the total beam less bright, it is called destructive interference.

Interference

Interference Fringes

Transmission and Absorption of Light

If light travels through an object it is =transparent If light is blocked by an object and a dark shadow is cast it is= opaque. If some light passes through but not all and a light shadow is present it is=translucent.
*AIMS:Primarily Physics: Just Passing Through Activity

What happens when light hits these objects?

Glass of water School bus window Notebook paper Waxed paper Plastic wrap Tissue paper Cardboard Textbook Hand lens

Transparent objects:
The windows on a school bus, A clear empty glass, A clear window pane, The lenses of some eyeglasses, Clear plastic wrap, The glass on a clock, A hand lens, Colored glass ALL of these are transparent. Yes, we can see through them because light passes through each of them.

Translucent objects
Thin tissue paper, Waxed paper, Tinted car windows, Frosted glass, Clouds, All of these materials are translucent and allow some light to pass but the light cannot be clearly seen through.

Opaque objects:
Heavy weight paper, Cardboard Aluminum foil, Mirror, bricks, buildings, Your eyelids and hands, Solid wood door, All of these objects are opaque because light cannot pass through them at all. They cast a dark shadow.

POLARIZATION
Light waves can vibrate in many directions. Those that are vibrating in one direction - in a single plane such as up and down - are called polarized light. Those that are vibrating in more than one direction -- in more than one plane such as both up/down and left/right -- are called unpolarized light.

1. archival and studio photography (crossedpolarized lights) 2. quality control in plastic and glass (polariscopes for stress measurement) 3. reflected sunglare attenuationr\ 4. epair of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in monitors, TVs and instrument panels. 5. control-room windows (blocking view through two windows) 6. video survillance (e.g., improving contrast of forest fires) 7. educational (overhead demos, hands-on experiments, science fairs, science museums) 8. 3D displays (linear or circular custom systems, LCD combination)

SPECTRA AND COLORS

The Electromagnetic Radiation
--energy waves produced by the oscillation or

acceleration of an electric charge. Electromagnetic waves have both electric and magnetic components. Electromagnetic radiation can be arranged in a spectrum that extends from waves of extremely high frequency and short wavelength to extremely low frequency and long wavelength (see Wave Motion). Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons. Each photon is traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy. The only difference amongst radio waves, visible light, and gamma-rays is the amount of energy of the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies. Microwaves have a little more energy than radio waves. Infrared has still more energy. As we move down the chart we see visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays whose photon energies gradually increase. Gamma and Cosmic rays have the highest energy waves.

Remember radio waves are longand gamma rays are small

Radio-TV -Microwave- Infrared - VISIBLE -Ultraviolet -X-rays - Gamma- Cosmic

Radio
(Longest electromagnetic waves)
Emitted by
Astronomical Objects Radio Station Transmitters

Detected by
Ground based radio telescopes *If you turn on a radio,, it will convert the radio wave energy into sound energy.

Television
Shorter than radio, also used to carry messages (pictures & sound) to our TV sets. *We can sense the TV waves around us with our televisions.

Microwave
Emitted by:
Gas clouds collapsing into stars Microwave Ovens Radar Stations Cell Phones

Detected by
Microwave Telescopes Food (heated) Cell phones Radar (systems)

Infrared
(Heat or Thermal) Are you a source of infrared? YES you are!

Emitted by
Sun and stars (Near) TV Remote Controls Food Warming Lights (Thermal) *Everything at room temperature or above,=HEAT

Detected by
Infrared Cameras TVs, VCRs, Your skin

Lets take a look at Herschels Experiment

Herschels Experiment Discovered Invisible Light In 1800, Herschel places his control thermometer just outside the red end of the spectrum Result: The outside thermometer registered the highest temperature

Lets set up Herschels Experiment

Set up of Box Design for Conducting the Herschel Experiment.

Conducting Hershels Experiment

Place a sheet of white paper inside a cardboard box Tape three thermometers together and place inside box Cut a small notch in the top of the box and position a glass prism so that the spectrum is projected inside the box Arrange the thermometers so that one is just outside the red end of the spectrum, with no visible light falling on it

Visible
Each color is a different size wave. Red the longest & violet the shortest Emitted by
The sun and other astronomical objects Laser pointers Light bulbs

Detected by
Cameras (film or digital) Human eyes Plants (red light) Telescopes

Prism Power:
Roy G. Biv Activity

*PASCO Probe Activity OR *AIMS:Primarily Physics: Prism Power Activity

*What happens when light shines through prisms? Materials :prism, PASCO wave it,equipment, paper, +7 Roy G. Biv crayon colors, 1. Give handouts. Darken the room and turn on light source. What color is the light? If I use a prism can you predict what will happen to the light? 2.Now use the prism. What color is the light? 3. Color in your hand out to match the spectrum.

Ultraviolet
Sunburn / black light
Emitted by
Tanning booths (A) The sun (A) Black light bulbs (B) UV lamps

Detected by
Space based UV detectors UV Cameras Flying insects (flies)

 Emitted by

X-ray

Astronomical objects X-ray machines CAT scan machines Older televisions Radioactive minerals Airport luggage scanners

Detected by
Space based X-ray detectors X-ray film CCD detectors

Chandra X-ray Observatory

Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high energy regions of the universe, such as the remnants of exploded stars. The most sophisticated observatory built to date. Deployed by the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999,

Chandra X-ray Observatory

*Slide from 2004 NSTA Conference

Gamma Ray
(Short electromagnetic waves but more energetic)
Emitted by
Radioactive materials Exploding nuclear weapons Gamma-ray bursts Solar flares

Detected by --Geiger counters

Gamma detectors and astronomical satellites Medical imaging detectors

Sources of g-ray Emission

Black holes Active Galaxies Pulsars Diffuse emission Supernovae Gamma-ray bursts Unidentified

COSMIC Rays (The highest energy waves and the deadliest)

Cosmic rays come from deep space and can pass through the Earth.

 A great question! Radio waves= (Buildings to human size); Microwaves (Humans-beetles); Infrared waves (Eye of a needle); Visible waves (microscopic size)! WOW! All the rest are the size of molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei and smaller..

SPECTRA AND COLORS

Color, physical phenomenon of light or visual perception associated with the various wavelengths in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Colour
White light is not a single colour; it is made up of a mixture of the seven colours of the rainbow.
We can demonstrate this by splitting white light with a prism:

This is how rainbows are formed: sunlight is split up by raindrops.

The colours of the rainbow:

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

Adding colours
White light can be split up to make separate colours. These colours can be added together again. The primary colours of light are red, blue and green: Adding blue and red makes magenta (purple) Adding blue and green makes cyan (light blue)

Adding red and green makes yellow

Adding all three makes white again

Seeing colour
The colour an object appears depends on the colours of light it reflects. For example, a red book only reflects red light:

White light

Only red light is reflected

A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple light (and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue):

Purple light

A white hat would reflect all seven colours:

White light

Using coloured light

If we look at a coloured object in coloured light we see something different. For example, consider a football kit:
Shirt looks red White light Shorts look blue

 In different colours of light this kit would look different:

Red light

Shirt looks red

Shorts look black

Shirt looks black Blue light Shorts look blue

Some further examples:

Object Colour of light Red Red socks Blue Green Red Blue teddy Blue Green Red Green camel Blue Green Red Magenta book Blue Green Colour object seems to be Red Black Black Black

Using filters
Filters can be used to block out different colours of light:
Red Filter

Magenta Filter

Investigating filters
Colour of filter Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow Colours that could be seen

Red

Blue

Green

White

Yellow

Cyan

Magenta

EYE AND DEFECTS

Humans have two light detectors. Do you know what they are called?

Did you realize cameras and camcorders are light detectors too?

EYE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Cornea: the transparent part at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye onto the lens. Lens: a transparent structure behind the pupil that refracts incoming light and focuses it onto the retina. The lens is able to change shape in order to improve the focus. Iris: This is the coloured part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, it is able to contact and dilate in order to control the size of the pupil depending on the light intensity.

EYE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Retina: this is the light sensitive layer inside the eye that contains light sensitive photoreceptive cells called rods and cones. These cells change light into sight by converting light into electrical impulses. These electrical messages are sent from the retina to the brain and interpreted as images. Optic nerve: this leaves the eye at the optic disk and transfers all the visual information to the brain. Conjunctiva: a transparent vascular membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and extends over the front of the white part of the eye (the sclera).

EYE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Aqueous humor: this fluid circulates the front part of the eye, it provides nourishment and helps maintain the eye pressure. Vitreous humor: the clear gel in the centre of the eye that helps the eye to maintain its spherical shape. Sclera: the outer white part of the eye that protects the inner structures.

PHOTORECEPTORS
Vision is possible due to the absorption of light by photoreceptor cells on the retina of the eye. These photoreceptive cells are sensitive to light in the region 300-850nm making this the visual region of the spectrum.

Vertebrates have two kinds of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones due to their distinctive shapes. Rods and cones account for 70% of all sensory receptors in the body thus showing the importance of the eyes.

CONES AND RODS

Cones require a relatively high level of light to be stimulated so therefore only function in bright (during the day) and are responsible for colour vision. Rods are more sensitive to light so will function in dim light but do not distinguish colour. They enable us to see at night but only in black and white.

CONES AND RODS

A human retina contains about 125 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. Rods and cones have different functions in vision and the relative number of each of these photoreceptors is partly linked to whether an animal is more active during the day or night. The photoreceptive rods and cones are arranged in such a way as to produce the best possible combination of night and day vision.

EYE DEFECTS
Myopia: (nearsightedness) This is a defect of vision in which far objects appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly. The image is focused in front of the retina rather than on it usually because the eyeball is too long or the refractive power of the eyes lens too strong. Myopia can be corrected by wearing glasses/contacts with concave lenses these help to focus the image on the retina.

EYE DEFECTS
Hyperopia: (farsightedness) This is a defect of vision in which there is difficulty with near vision but far objects can be seen easily. The image is focused behind the retina rather than upon it. This occurs when the eyeball is too short or the refractive power of the lens is too weak. Hyperopia can be corrected by wearing glasses/contacts that contain convex lenses.

EYE DEFECTS
Astigmatism: This defect is when the light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina, instead some focus on the retina and some focus in front of or behind it. This is usually caused by a non-uniform curvature of the cornea. A typical symptom of astigmatism is if you are looking at a pattern of lines placed at various angles and the lines running in one direction appear sharp whilst those in other directions appear blurred. Astigmatism can usually be corrected by using a special spherical cylindrical lens; this is placed in the out-of-focus axis.

Color Blindness
Color Blindness, or Color Vision Deficiency, is an eye condition where a person is not able to distinguish certain colors or shades of colors to some degree. Color Blindness does not mean that a person can only see black and white.

Types of Color Blindness

Anomalous Trichromacy - A mild shift in the sensitivity of pigments of the cones Protanomaly - shades of red appear weaker in depth and brightness Deuteranomaly - shades of green appear weaker Tritanomaly - very rare case where shades of blue appear weaker

Types of Color Blindness

Dichromacy - Great deficiency or missing completely one of the cones Protanopia - shades of red are greatly reduced, if present at all, in depth and brightness Deuteranopia - shades of green are greatly reduced, if present at all, in depth and brightness Tritanopia - very rare case where shades of blue are greatly reduced, if present at all, in depth and brightness

Normal View

Protanope

Deuteranope

Tritanope

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS

ILLUSIONS AND PERCEPTION

ILLUSIONS DEPEND ON PERCEPTION PERCEPTION HAS THREE LINKS

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THREE LINKS TO PERCEPTION

EXTERNAL / PHYSICAL

VISUAL APARATUS
INTERPRETATION OF STIMULUS

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WHAT IS AN OPTICAL ILLUSION ?

illusions that deceive the human visual system into perceiving something that is not present or incorrectly perceiving what is present.

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TWO TYPES

PHYSIOLOGICAL ILLUSIONS COGNITIVE VISUAL ILLUSIONS

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A PHYSIOLOGICAL ILLUSION
is the what happens to the eyes as a result of prolonged stimulation. i.e. brightness, tilt, movement, color etc. repetitive stimulation misleads the visual system in the early stages of visual processing.

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A COGNITIVE VISUAL ILLUSION

Exploits the predictive cues of early visual processing. Misdirects in-built assumptions or knowledge while processing.

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Three Types of Visual Illusions

Ambiguous Illusions Distorting Illusions Paradox illusions/ /Fictitious illusions.

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OPTICAL ILLUSIONS WORK BY EXPLOITING VISUAL CUES

SOME MONOCULAR CUES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Texture Gradient Relative Motion Parallax Linear Perspective Light and Shadow Relative Size

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Some Binocular Cues Binocular Disparity Convergence Accommodation

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS WORK BY EXPLOITING VISUAL CUES

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Are the squares above marked A & B the same color or different?

Proof: They are the same. The shadow causes an illusion of white.

Count the black dots. Do they keep moving?

Are the purple lines parallel or curved?

What do you see on the left? What do you see on the right?

Can you believe that all the gray lines above are perfectly parallel?

Stare at the blue circles and move your head back and forth from the screen. Do the outer circles move?

Can you believe that this is a picture and not an animation? To check, just focus on one leaf for 5 seconds.

How many legs does the elephant have above?

Do you see a spiral or circles?

Do you see one woman or two women looking at the candle?

Which way are the cubes facing? Up or down?

Are the balls inside or on the shelf?

What do you see? A sax player or a human face?

Can you believe that all the red lines make perfectly straight lines?

Who is down and who is up?

Which line is longer? They are actually the same size.

What word do you see?

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS...

OPTICAL ILLUSION 1
This is the Bunny/Duck illusion. At first glance, what do you see? Now give it some time, but do not focus on one certain area, and then ask Yourself; what do I really see? Now, look again. You might be surprised!!!!!!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 2
Do you see some squares or rectangles? Really, this is nothing more than a bunch of lines going in every which direction, but the way our mind interprets these lines are totally different!!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 3
This is probably the most famous illusion of all time! Almost everyone has seen it! What do you see at your first glance of this illusion! Do you see an old lady, or do you see a young women? They are both there!!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 5
This is probably the hardest illusion that I have ever seen, and I have to say my personal favorite!!! When you first look at this, do you see and old man with ivy leaves around him, or do you see a couple kissing? Be patient and give it some time!! You will eventually see it

OPTICAL ILLUSION 6
Do the sides of the square appear to be bent in? Wait, now that is Impossible! Believe it or not, they are as straight as they come. If you do not believe me, take a straight edge and see for yourself!!!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 8
How many ways can you view this cube? Is the blue side outside the box or is it inside? Is it on the back of the box of is it on the side? Examine this cube closely, and let the light blue side guide you!

OPTICAL ILLSUION 9
At first glance, what do you see--Could it be the word "liar" or is it something more. I would definitely give this one a second look!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 10
When you look at this, you probably see a triangle. There is not one there! The way the circle parts are cut out, make us think there is a triangle there even though there isnt any!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 11
Are the diagonals parallel? You bet they are!

OPTICAL ILLUSION 12
I have heard this illusion called the dancing elephant and several other things. I want you to look at the elephants feet and legs. How many are actually there?

OPTICAL ILLUSION 13
Is this man playing a sax, or is there something more here?

OPTICAL ILLUSION 14
When you first read this, what does it say? A Bird In The Bush? If you read this more carefully you will find that it says A Bird In The The Bush!!!

THE ENDDNE EHT

LET US GO HIGHER ON OPTICS

Clearly, Light Can Be

Described of as a Wave

Waves Seem to Work

The properties of light we have described - reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference - can all be explained in terms of light viewed as a wave. The success of these descriptions of the properties of light was a triumph of the wave picture, and by the 1850s this model of light was the generally accepted one.

Review the Properties, Part 1

Refraction: is very easily understood within the wave model of light if one recalls that light slows down as it enters a more dense medium. The part of the wave front that is already in the water is going more slowly than the part that is still in the air. As a necessity, the wave front in the water turns inward.

Review the Properties, Part 2

Dispersion: Now that we understand refraction as due to the change in the speed of light as it enters a more dense medium, we can also understand what causes dispersion. All colors of light go at the same speed in vacuum, but they travel at different speeds inside matter. For example, blue light travels a bit faster, in general, than red light. This in turn makes the blue light bend more, and the colors go their separate ways,

Review the Properties, Part 3

Interference: For constructive interference, the waves meet in phase, i.e. so that the crests of each wave coincide. In destructive interference, the waves meet out of phase, so that the crest of one wave coincides with a trough of the other wave, and they cancel each other out.

Review the Properties, Part 4

Diffraction: is readily explained in terms of light waves. It is will known that when waves can come in two basic shapes. Plane waves are waves in which the crests are essentially straight lines that follow one another like lines of soldiers walking in formation. Circular waves consist of crests that move out from a point source in circles of ever-increasing radii. When plane waves come to a barrier, such as a wall, they are stopped. But if the wall has a narrow opening, some of the wave gets through. If the opening is sufficiently narrow, specifically it must be of the same size as the wavelength of the wave, then the part of the wave that gets through is a circular wave, that looks like it is coming from a point source (i.e. the opening).

Light as a Wave Also Explains Doppler Shift

We are Familiar With the Shift in Sound Waves

Doppler Shift in Sound Waves

(a) Sound of a train moving towards us is higher pitched (b) Sound of a train moving away from us is lower pitched

Doppler Shift in Light Waves

QuickTime and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture.

If source approaches, light appears bluer than it is. If source recedes, light appears redder than it is.

Doppler Shift
Wavelength is shorter when approaching

Stationary waves

Wavelength is longer when receding

Doppler Shift / Redshift

Redshift, z, is a non-relativistic approximation to the Doppler shift
(P P P PS PS v c

A Fly in the Ointment

Evidence for Particles

Newtons Corpuscular Theory of Light - light consists of small particles, because it: travels in straight lines at great speeds is reflected from mirrors in a predictable way


Position x Momentum p = mv

Why the Photon is Necessary

Electron transitions in the Bohr model of the atom and the subsequent emission of light provides an example of when light should be viewed as a photon. There are two further pieces of evidence of this particle-like nature of light: photon scattering photoelectric effect

Scattering
One experiment which provides conclusive proof of a particle nature of objects is to scatter two objects off of each other, as in the collision of two billiard balls. This experiment with light and small atoms has been done, and is called Compton scattering.

The results of this experiment are completely at odds with predictions made if light is viewed only as a wave. Measurements show that the frequency of the scattered wave is changed, which does not come out of a wave picture of light. However, when the light is viewed as a photon with energy proportional to the associated light wave, excellent agreement with experiment is found.

Photoelectric Effect
Another compelling proof for the photon nature of light is the photoelectric effect. In this effect, light is shone at a metal plate and it is found that electrons are ejected. These electrons then get accelerated to a nearby plate by an external potential difference, and a photoelectric current is established.

This effect, which arises in devices such as automatic door openers, burglar alarms, light detectors, and photocopiers, cannot be explained using a wave picture of light.

Einsteins Photoelectric Effect

Only light with a frequency greater than a certain threshold will produce a current Current begins almost instantaneously, even for light of very low intensity Current is proportional to the intensity of the incident light

Plancks Quantum Postulate

Energy of radiation can only be emitted in discrete packets or quanta, i.e., in multiples of the minimum energy

E = hf
where h is a new fundamental constant of nature: h = 6.63 x 10-34 Joules sec

Light is Packets of Energy Called Photons

We Believe in Photons
Red light is used in photographic darkrooms because it is not energetic enough to break the halogen-silver bond in black and white films Ultraviolet light causes sunburn but visible light does not because UV photons are more energetic Our eyes detect color because photons of different energies trigger different chemical reactions in retina cells

So, What is Light?

Light consists of a varying electric and magnetic field

Different Wavelengths Lead To:

Cool Thing About Light

It can be thought of as both a particle and a wave, so called particle-wave duality


Lower energy (longer wavelength) light acts predominately like a wave



High energy (shorter wavelength) light acts predominately like a particle



Cool Things Light Can Tell Us

 It can tell us what you are made out of  It can tell us if you are moving toward or away from us  It can tell us how far away you are or (if we already know that) how energetic you are  It can tell us your temperature

Kinds of Spectra

Another Way to Look at a Spectrum

Spectral Lines

Lines from excited sodium gas in the laboratory

Spectral Lines in the Sun

1/R2 Falloff

Intensity of light falls off as we move away from the source

Light at a Distance
Objective: Your detector in orbit around Earth has measured a certain amount of energy from the direction of a faraway source. Your job is to determine how much energy the source actually emitted.
Assume the source emits energy equally in all directions.

Think About It!

A light emits equally in all directions. What does this mean about the amount of light you will measure in any given square cm as you move further and further away from the light source?

Add the Mathematics!

At r1, the light per unit area, L1 = L/4T(r1)2. And at r2, the light per unit area, L2 = L/4T(r2)2.

Solving each equation for L gives us L= L1 x 4T(r1)2 = L2 x 4T(r2)2.

Think of it in terms of a ratio... the amount of light per unit area at r2 relative to the amount of light per unit area at r1 is then L2/L1 = (r1)2/(r2)2.

Think About What This Means

If r1 is 5 cm and r2 is 10 cm, then there is 1/4 as much light per square cm at r1 as at r2. The distance changes by a factor of 2, but the amount of light per square cm changes by a factor of 4.

What if r1 was 5 and r2 was 50? How much less light per cm2 do you have there?

Conclusion
We say that the intensity, or amount of light per square cm, changes as 1/distance squared (i.e., 1/r2) away from the source. How does this help us to achieve our Objective? If we measure X amount of energy per square cm in our detector, then we know that the source must have emitted energy equal to 4Tr2 times X!

Blackbody Radiation


A blackbody is an object which totally absorbs all radiation that falls on it

Any hot body (blackbodies included) radiates light over the whole spectrum of frequencies The spectrum depends on both frequency and temperature

Spectrum of a Blackbody

Fun With Lenses and Mirrors

Convex Lenses

Concave Lens