Lecture 13

Digital Signature, Digital Certificate
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet Essential Materials
Outline

Introduction Cryptography
SecretSecret-key algorithms Public-key algorithms PublicMessageMessage-Digest algorithms

Digital Signature Digital Certificate Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) Summary
2 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet
Introduction

Cryptography and digital certificates are first appeared in closed commercial, financial network and military systems. We can send/receive secure e-mail, connect eto secure website to purchase goods or obtain services. Problem: How do we implement them in this global, open network, Internet? To what level of encryption is sufficient to provide safe and trust services on the Net?
Cryptography

3 cryptographic algorithms:
MessageMessage-digest algorithms

Map variable-length plaintext to fixed-length variablefixedciphertext. Use one single key to encrypt and decrypt. Use 2 different keys public key and private key.
SecretSecret-key algorithms

PublicPublic-key algorithms

Keys

It is a variable value that is used by cryptographic algorithms to produce encrypted text, or decrypt encrypted text. The length of the key reflects the difficulty to decrypt from the encrypted message.
Key Key
Plaintext
Encryption
Ciphertext
Decryption
Plaintext
All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
Key length

It is the number of bits (bytes) in the key. A 2-bit key has four values 200, 01, 10, 11 in its key space
A key of length n has a key space of 2^n distinct values. E.g. the key is 128 bits
101010101010 101010101010.10010101111111 There are 2^128 combinations
340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456
SecretSecret-key Encryption

Use a secret key to encrypt a message into ciphertext. Use the same key to decrypt the ciphertext to the original message. Also called Symmetric cryptography. cryptography
Secret Key Secret Key Ciphertext
Plaintext
Encryption
Decryption
Plaintext
Secret Key How to?

Original Text + Secret key = Encrypted Text
Encryption
Encrypted Text +
Secret key = Decryption
Original Text
SecretSecret-Key Problem?

All keys need to be replaced, if one key is compromised. Not practical for the Internet environment. On the other hand, the encryption speed is fast. Suitable to encrypt your personal data.
SecretSecret-Key algorithms
Algorithm Name Blowfish DES IDEA RC2 RC4 RC5 Triple DES
Key Length (bits) Up to 448 56 128 Up to 2048 Up to 2048 Up to 2048 192

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References: Blowfish DES IDEA RC2 RC4 RC5 DES-3
PublicPublic-key Encryption

Involves 2 distinct keys public, private. public, private. The private key is kept secret and never be divulged, and it is password protected (Passphase). The public key is not secret and can be freely distributed, shared with anyone. It is also called asymmetric cryptography. cryptography Two keys are mathematically related, it is infeasible to derive the private key from the public key. 100 to 1000 times slower than secret-key algorithms. secretPublic Key Private Key
Plaintext
Encryption
Ciphertext
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Decryption
Plaintext
How to use 2 different keys?

Just an example:
Public Key = 4, Private Key = 1/4, message M = 5 Encryption:
Ciphertext C = M * Public Key 5 * 4 = 20

Decryption:
Plaintext M = C * Private Key 20 * = 5

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 12 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
PublicPublic-Private Encryption
Public key Public key stored in the directory First, create public and private key Public Key Directory
Private key Public Key Private key Private key stored in your personal computer
Message Encryption (User A sends message to User B) B)

Public Key Directory User Bs Public Key
Text Encryption User A

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 14
Encrypted Text
Message Encryption
Original Message Encrypted Message
15
Transfer Encrypted Data
User A
User B
Encrypted Text Insecure Channel
Encrypted Text
16
Decryption with your Private key

Encrypted Text Private key stored in your personal computer
User B User Bs Private key Decryption
Original Text
Asymmetric algorithms
Algorithm Name DSA El Gamal RSA DiffieDiffie-Hellman Key Length (bits) Up to 448 56 128 Up to 2048
References: DSA El Gamal RSA Diffie-Hellman
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How difficult to crack a key?

Attacker Individual attacker Small group Academic Network Large company Military Intelligence agency Computer Resources One high-performance desktop machine & Software high16 high-end machines & Software high256 high-end machines & Software high$1,000,000 hardware budget $1,000,000 hardware budget + advanced technology Keys / Second 2^17 2^24 2^21 2^24 2^25 2^28 2^43 2^55
Key Length 40 56 64 80 128
Individual Small Attacker Group Weeks Centuries Millennia Days Decades Centuries
Academic Network Hours Years Decades Infeasible Infeasible

19
Large Company Milliseconds Hours Days Centuries Infeasible
Military Inteligence Agency Microseconds Seconds Minutes Centuries Millennia
Infeasible Infeasible Infeasible Infeasible
Crack DES-3 (Secret-key) DES- (Secret-
Distributed.net connects 100,000 PCs on the Net, to get a record-breaking 22 hr 15 min to crack the DES algorithm. Speed: 245 billion keys/s Win $10,000
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MessageMessage-Digest Algorithms

It maps a variable-length input variablemessage to a fixed-length output fixeddigest. It is not feasible to determine the original message based on its digest. It is impossible to find an arbitrary message that has a desired digest. It is infeasible to find two messages that have the same digest.
MessageMessage-Digest How to

A hash function is a math equation that create a message digest from message. A message digest is used to create a unique digital signature from a particular document. MD5 example
22
Original Message (Document, E-mail)
Hash Function
Digest
Message Digest Demo
23
MessageMessage-Digest
MessageMessage-Digest Algorithm MD2 MD4 MD5 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 24
Digest Length (bits) 128 128 128 160

References: MD2 MD4 MD5 SHA
Break Time 15 minutes
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Digital Signature

Digital signature can be used in all electronic communications

Web, e-mail, e-commerce ee-
It is an electronic stamp or seal that append to the document. Ensure the document being unchanged during transmission.
How digital Signature works?

User A Transmit via the Internet
Use As private key to sign the document User B received the document with signature attached
Verify the signature by As public key stored at the directory
User B
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Digital Signature Generation and Verification

Message Sender Message Hash function Digest Private Key Encryption Signature Message Receiver Message Hash function
Public Key
Decryption Expected Digest
Digest
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Digital Signature
Reference
29
Key Management

Private key are password-protected. passwordIf someone want your private key:
They need the file contains the key They need the passphrase for that key
If you have never written down your passphrase or told anyone

Very hard to crack BruteBrute-force attack wont work won
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Digital Certificates

Digital Certificate is a data with digital signature from one trusted Certification Authority (CA). This data contains:
Who owns this certificate Who signed this certificate The expired date User name & email address
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Digital Certificate
Reference
32
Elements of Digital Cert.

A Digital ID typically contains the following information:

Your public key, Your name and email address Expiration date of the public key, Name of the CA who issued your Digital ID
33
Certification Authority (CA)

A trusted agent who certifies public keys for general use (Corporation or Bank).
User has to decide which CAs can be trusted.
The model for key certification based on friends and friends of friends is called Web of Trust. Trust
The public key is passing from friend to friend. Works well in small or high connected worlds. What if you receive a public key from someone you dont know? don
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CA model (Trust model)

Root Certificate
CA Certificate
CA Certificate
Browser Cert.
Server Cert.
35
Web of Trust model

B A Alice
Bob D C
36
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

PKI is a system that uses public-key publicencryption and digital certificates to achieve secure Internet services. There are 4 major parts in PKI.
Certification Authority (CA) A directory Service Services, Banks, Web servers Business Users
37
Digital 21 . gov .hk
Reference: An official homepage which provides lot of PKI, e-commerce information
38
PKI Structure
Certification Authority Directory services
Public/Private Keys User
Services, Banks, Webservers
39
4 key services

Authentication Digital Certificate

To identify a user who claim who he/she is, in order to access the resource.
NonNon-repudiation Digital Signature

To make the user becomes unable to deny that he/she has sent the message, signed the document or participated in a transaction.
Confidentiality - Encryption
To make the transaction secure, no one else is able to read/retrieve the ongoing transaction unless the communicating parties.
Integrity - Encryption
To ensure the information has not been tampered during transmission.
40
Certificate Signers
41
Certificate Enrollment and Distribution
42
Secure Web Communication

Server authentication is necessary for a web client to identify the web site it is communicating with. To use SSL, a special type of digital certificate Server certificate is used. certificate Get a server certificate from a CA.
E.g. www.hitrust.com.hk, www.cuhk.edu.hk/ca/ www.hitrust.com.hk,

Install a server certificate at the Web server. Enable SSL on the Web site. Client authentication Client certificates
Strong and Weak Encryption

Strong encryption
Encryption methods that cannot be cracked by brutebrute-force (in a reasonable period of time). The world fastest computer needs thousands of years to compute a key.
Weak encryption
A code that can be broken in a practical time frame. 5656-bit encryption was cracked in 1999. 6464-bit will be cracked in 2011. 128128-bit will be cracked in 2107.
44
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

Release in June 1991 by Philip Zimmerman (PRZ) PGP is a hybrid cryptosystem that allows user to encrypt and decrypt. Use session key a random generated number from the mouse movement or keystrokes keystrokes Demo & Tutorial
PGP Public Key

Philip R Zimmermann's Public Keys Current DSS/Diffie-Hellman Key: DSS/DiffieKey fingerprint: 055F C78F 1121 9349 2C4F 37AF C746 3639 B2D7 795E -----BEGIN -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----BLOCK----Version: PGP 7.0.3 mQGiBDpU6CcRBADCT/tGpBu0EHpjd3G11QtkTWYnihZDBdenjYV2EvotgRZAj5h4ewprq1u/zqzGBYpiYL/9j+5XDFcoWF24bzsUmHXsbD Siv+XEyQND1GUdx4wVcEY5rNjkArX06XuZzObvXFXOvqRj6LskePtw3xLf5uj8jPN0Nf6YKnhfGIHRWQCg/0UAr3hMK6zcA/egvWRGsm9d JecD/18XWekzt5JJeK3febJO/3Mwe43O6VNOxmMpGWOYTrhivyOb/ZLgLedqX+MeXHGdGroARZ+kxYq/a9y5jNcivD+EyN+IiNDPD64rl00 FNZksx7dijD89PbIULDCtUpps2J0gk5inR+yzinf+jDyFnn5UEHI2rPFLUbXWHJXJcp0UBACBkzDdesPjEVXZdTRTLk0sfiWEdcBM/5GpNsw MlK4A7A6iqJoSNJ4pO5Qq6PYOwDFqGir19WEfoTyHW0kxipnVbvq4q2vAhSIKOqNEJGxg4DTEKecf3xCdJ0kW8dVSogHDH/c+Q4+RFQ q/31aev3HDy20YayxAE94BWIsKkhaMyokAYQQfEQIAIQUCOlTwWwIHABcMgBE/xzIEHSPp6mbdtQCcnbwh33TcYQAKCRDHRjY5std5Xl e4AKCh1dqtFxD/BiZMqdP1eZYG8AZgTACfU7VX8NpIaGmdyzVdrSDUo49AJae0IlBoaWxpcCBSLiBaaW1tZXJtYW5uIDxwcnpAbWl0LmV kdT6JAFUEEBECABUFAjpU6CcFCwkIBwMCGQEFGwMAAAAACgkQx0Y2ObLXeV5WUQCfWWfTDHzSezrDawgN2Z4Qb7dHKooAoJyV nm61utdRsdLr2e6QnV5Z0yjjiQBGBBARAgAGBQI6VOkSAAoJEGPLaR3669X8JPcAnim4+Hc0oteQZrNUeuMSuirNVUr7AKC1WXJI7gwM q0Agz07hQs++POJBMokARgQQEQIABgUCOlcobQAKCRDXjLzlZqdLMVBtAKDa5VPcb6NVH6tVeEDJUv+tBjp6oACeLoNtfbs2rvJkgKDH WEIDmJdgy2GJAD8DBRA6WP4Y8CBzV/QUlSsRAkmdAKC3TfkSSeh+poPFnMfW+/Y/+AAEEpGSUYAAQEAAAEAAQAA/9sAQwAKBwc IBwYKCAgICwoKCw4YEA4NDQ4dFRYRGCMfJSQiHyIhJis3LyYpNCkhIjBBMTQ5Oz4+PiUuRElDPEg3PT47///EALUQAAIBAwMCBAMFB .. QQEAAABfQECAwAEEQUSITFBBhNRYQcicRQygZk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2drh4uPk5ebn6On q8fLz9PX29/j5+v/EAB8BAAMBAQEBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAABAgMEBQYHCAkKC//EALURAAIBAgQEAwQHBQQEAAECdwABAgMRBAU hMQYSQVEHYXETIjKBCBRCkaGxwQkjM1LwFWJy0QoWJDThJfEXGBkaJicoKSo1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWp zdHV2d3h5eoKDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uLj5OXm5+jp6vLz9PX29/j5+v/aAA wDAQACEQMRAD8A9mooooAKKKKACsjW/Eum6FGTdS7pcfLEv3j/AIfjWV428XHQrf7HY4e/lHXIxEvqfevH7y8lupXmmuJppWOZJC+AD9 aly7GkIX1Z3OpfE3Up3K2EUVumcdN7fy/pWLL4415wPM1GWPJyNpK/0Fc5btG/Pktkfx7yTVhYAGLsAxbryf5c5rNvzNlG3Q6yz8ZaxEyudQ kcZ+7JtYH867PRfG9nfIsd7/o8p/iI+U/4V5EI/IGV+XUGfnHy9iUsiGSa6q6Jew1XpTDJvAAICDACNUV4K2PS6h574Z3NaBsIQe5jkVO48MS ohjC6s29CjPhlU79cQIYWmBpuNfwroZ6zltyz6Y2Fm65V0IfvVicR7zvFFCOhahMuk1cr+Qp936OMEq9sLZGxTjClgwrHGS7YpMSZrEC7bp OmERjo4F/n5YmCHJCH8QzCOc9+80gjVEsHiJVABrC8yykjKL5x1V/PSArE4QtMLbkBPGmQYOw8bx6jCHoO43QjUzbqRfBMHZqWVJyoII ZCp+n13XM4+NO/cDVsZ8bjch0LIOyMrT85n24yfXRlP0s7BFjLm59Jjhf4djuJWikJawWETlypAy86OYRRuwCbIyNauBeTKy+avZvF2oLvpw H4UnudpC06/O0jkj2lQpn9EEUw11RwO6sq9zYTwAUyKerN00cbCfyiZl01CIo0btcTO6hQK3c67PaloJ9lVH8/mH7LuqkMLDH5ugkpzmed/8 SorfqVkakne6b4mRySFCBXaVZoKmDHzcH2oSSMhM9exyh6dzi1bGu6JAEwEGBECAAwFAjpU6CcFGwwAAAAACgkQx0Y2ObLXeV7lb QCg+N+fI3bzqF9+fB50J5sFHVHM7hYAn0+9AfDl5ncnr4D7 ReMDlYoIZwRR =Bgy+ -----END -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----BLOCK-----

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PGP encryption

Reference
PGP decryption

Reference
Secure SHell (SSH)

Provide an encrypted secure channel between client and server. Replacement for telnet and ftp. Reference: SSH
49
Secure Shell & Secure FTP

Secure Shell Secure FTP
The Hosts Public Key
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Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)

This protocol is developed by Visa and MasterCard specifically for the secure credit card transactions on the Internet. SET encrypts credit card and purchase information before transmission over the Internet. SET allows the merchants identify be authenticated merchant via digital certificates, also allows the merchant to authenticate users through their digital certificates (more difficult to someones stolen credit card). someone SET DEMO
Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)

There are four parts in the SET system.

A software wallet on the users computer wallet user Cardholder. Cardholder A commerce server that runs on the merchants merchant web site Merchant. Merchant The payment server that runs at the merchants merchant bank Acquiring bank. bank The Certification Authority Issuing bank. bank
SET FAQs
SET
53
PrivacyPrivacy-Enhanced E-mail E-
Encrypted Signed
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Summary

Make sure you understand the relationship between

Encryption Digital Signature Digital Certificate Certificate Authority
Understand which Public/Private key should be used to encrypt/decrypt message to/from you? Discuss PGP, SET, SSH, encrypted email.
References

Digital Certificate (Applied Internet Security) By Feghhi, Feghhi, Williams Addison Wesley Basic Crytography Digital Signature PKI Resources SET Resources General Definitions Digital ID FAQ The End. Thank you for your patience!


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Digital Signature, Digital Certificate

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet Essential Materials

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Secret Key How to?

Secret key = Decryption

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

Key Length (bits) Up to 448 56 128 Up to 2048 Up to 2048 Up to 2048 192

References: Blowfish DES IDEA RC2 RC4 RC5 DES-3

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

How to use 2 different keys?

Message Encryption (User A sends message to User B) B)

Text Encryption User A

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Transfer Encrypted Data

Encrypted Text Insecure Channel

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

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Decryption with your Private key

User B User Bs Private key Decryption

References: DSA El Gamal RSA Diffie-Hellman

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

How difficult to crack a key?

Key Length 40 56 64 80 128

Academic Network Hours Years Decades Infeasible Infeasible

Large Company Milliseconds Hours Days Centuries Infeasible

Military Inteligence Agency Microseconds Seconds Minutes Centuries Millennia

Infeasible Infeasible Infeasible Infeasible

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Crack DES-3 (Secret-key) DES- (Secret-

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CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

Original Message (Document, E-mail)

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Message Digest Demo

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Digest Length (bits) 128 128 128 160

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Break Time 15 minutes

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Digital signature can be used in all electronic communications

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How digital Signature works?

Verify the signature by As public key stored at the directory