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What is Personality?
People differ from each other in meaningful ways People seem to show some consistency in behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
Personality refers to a persons unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Personality is an interaction between biology and environment
Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality Other studies suggest learned components of personality
Personality influencing OB
Locus of Control It refers to ones belief that what happens is either within ones control or beyond ones control. The former is called internals and the latter is called external. Luck factor matters. Machiavellanism ( named after Niccolo Machiavelle ). Its refers to an individuals propensity to manipulate people for solving his interest. Self Esteem Individuals regard themselves as capable to achieve success. Self-Monitoring Risk taking
UNSTABLE
Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active melancholic choleric
INTROVERTED
EXTRAVERTED
Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership
STABLE
Personality Traits
Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits
Allport identified some 4,500 traits Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality
Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism Psychotocism
Allport
MMPI: examples
Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics. I get angry sometimes.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces
Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety
Freudian Theory
Levels of consciousness
Conscious
What were aware of
Structures of Personality
Id
Operates according to the pleasure principle
Preconscious
Memories etc. that can Ego be recalled Operates according to the reality principle Unconscious Superego Wishes, feelings, Contains values and impulses that lies ideals beyond awareness
Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control The ego perceives danger from the environment
Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from developing anxiety
Sublimation: person channels energy from unacceptable impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments Denial: person refuses to recognize reality Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable reasons Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse
used to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian
Alfred Adler
Humans are motivated by social interest Takes social context into account First Born
Privileged until Dethroned
Second Born
In shadow of 1st Born inferiority, restlessness
Youngest
Pampered, dependent
Only Child
Higher intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn
Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian
Carl Jung
A collective unconscious is represented by universal archetypes Two forms of unconscious mind
Personal unconscious: unique for each person Collective unconscious: consists of primitive images and ideas that are universal for humans
Humanistic Theory
Humanistic personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions
Humanistic theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept
Humanistic Perspectives
Carl Rogers
We have needs for:
Self-consistency (absence of conflict between selfperceptions Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions and experience)
Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence between their self-concepts and life experiences.
Humanistic Perspectives
Abraham Maslow emphasized the basic goodness of human nature and a natural tendency toward self-actualization.
Social/Cognitive Perspective
Proposed that each person has a unique personality because of our personal histories and interpretations shape our personalities Albert Banduras social-cognitive approach focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. Julian Rotters locus of control theory emphasizes a persons internal or external focus as a major determinant of personality.
Personality Vs Enviornment
Factors affecting our personality formation Culture Early conditioning Norms among family, friends and social groups Any other external influences Attitudes and values passed from generations Our Ideologies and beliefs
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