Typologies of Development

Dycotomized into:1.Primitive or modern Civilized or uncivilized Literate or non-literate nonSimple of Technologically Advanced Socities

Underdeveloped
Characteristics  Subsistence economics where people live a hand-tohand-to-mouth existence  Produce their own food, clothing & shelter  Level of technology is low, low level of productivity & income  Main occupation maybe hunting, food gathering, agriculture & fishing or animal husbandry  Culture is homogenous  People are called nature's, primitive s or savages  Target of traders who needed exotic goods for maximum exploitation of indigenous natural & human resources & of missionaries who worried about their souls

Typologies of Development
Trichotomy: Dichotomy: 2. Under developing and developed societies 3. Less developed countries (LDC) & developed countries (DC) 4. 1st, 2nd, 3rd world societies 5. North and South 6. Newly Industrialized Countries

Trichotomy: Dichotomy:

Underdeveloped
Characteristics  These people belongs to the bands, tribes or chiefdoms  Activities revolve around the family & bigger kinship group  Social institutions financial, economic, political, religious & educational  Cooperation, mutual sharing & assistance are dominant modes of interaction  Social change occurs very slowly  Low health & education standard  Low level of literacy  High birth and death rate

Developing Societies
   

 

Are in transition & influx of change Politically independent, suffer relapses oa a result of centuries of colonization & foreign domination Search for identity & provide in their cultural heritage Africa, Asia & Latin America Agricultural subsistence or commercial & are engaged in manufacturing, transportation, communication, commerce & service industries Main goal of economic planning is diversification & industrialization Common problem widespread & chronic poverty, rising levels of unemployment & underemployment widening gap in income distribution, & invading disparity in economic, social & cultural international relations

Developing Societies
 

Large proportions of the labor force are employed in the service or tertiary sector Growth of industry is accompanied by an influx of foreign capital & on increasing dependence on foreign technology Foreign investment in agriculture results in capitalcapital-intensive rural enterprise which absorb relatively little labor. Peasant cultivators are displaced & forced to migrate to urban areas. Social stratification a very small upper class - a small middle class - a large lower class

Developing Societies


Industrialization, modernization, automation, cultural pluralism, rapid social change & high standard of living characterize the developed societies Societies are progressive, powerful & technologically advanced because of capital formation, savings & technological process Sharp division among family influence, economic activities, religious rites & unity control Social institutions make definite contributions to the welfare of the country - US, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Japan & Russia

The Three Worlds

1. First World The United States including its allies in Western Europe & its satellites in Latin America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand & Japan - rich & highly developed countries 2. Second World The Soviet Union including its allies & satellites in Eastern Europe & parts of Asia. High pace of industrial growth & highly urbanized. Their economy is socialist system based on state ownership of the factors of production. The state dominates the saving policies. The economy is centrally planned . Their policies is democratic centralism.

3. The Third World The developing countries are non-aligned found in Africa, Asia, Latin nonAmerica & the Caribbean. Considered socially & continually developed & economically & technically underdeveloped. Receive foreign aid from the 1st & 2nd world. Supply world market with primary commodities. In 1964 1976 77 countries met in Rome 106 nation met in Manila
Group of 77 as less developing countries another third World

North and South Division into Northern & Southern Hemispheres. North is made up of all the developed, advanced, industrial countries. Includes US, Canada, Western Europe, Soviet Union & some Eastern Europe countries. South refers to the developing countries with its variants of the middle developing countries & the least developed. It includes all the state south of he US Africa, Asia with the exception of Japan, the socialist countries of China & Yugoslavia.

NIC in Asia with industrialized economics having achieved an economic miracle of transportation from a farm land economy to full industrialization. - they are enjoying high standards of living which can be equated with the developed societies. These countries are Taiwan, Hongkong, South Korea & Singapore. Labeled as Dragons of Asia Economic Tigers of Asia

Education in the Information Age Alvin Toffler Future Shock Third Wave Power shift Information Age & Knowledge Revolution

Civilization in Three Waves 1st 2nd 3rd Agricultural Industrial Information Age Revolution Revolution Based on Based on Power was in Computers & the the plows & the machine networks that animals that & fuels that interconnect pulled it feed them them Land Machines & Wealth creation & materials knowledge

Major Changes in Society

1st 2nd PrePre-industrial Industrial technologies technologies -Labor intensive -Based on the principles of -Small-scale Smallclassical physics, -Decentralized classical -Based on chemistry & empirical rather classical biology than scientific knowledge
3rd Post industrial or high technologies -Science intensive because these are based on modern scientific knowledge. -Most important technologies are microelectronics, robotics, computers, optoelectronics, fiber optics, genetic engineering, & other synthetic materials

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Top Wage Earners Switzerland Luxemburg Japan Sweden Finland Norway Denmark West Germany Ireland USA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Top Per Capita Savers Japan - 45,112 Switzerland - 19,971 Denmark 19,405 France 17,650 West Germany 17,042 Austria 16,369 Norway 15,196 Belgium 15,911 Singapore 14,492 Netherlands 14,282

Objectives of Development


To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, lifehealth and protection to all members of society; To raise levels of living, including, in addition to higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education and more attention to cultural and humanistic values. These all serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate wellgreater individual and national self-esteem; and selfTo expand the range of economic and social choice to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation-states but also to the forces nationof ignorance and human misery.

Factors influencing the development of the country

1. Environment consists of the things around, beneath and above us.
Physical environment. The various elements of the physical environment such as geographical condition and location, topography of the soil, climate, landforms and bodies of water have a strong influence on the development of a nation. SocioSocio-cultural environment. Most environmental influences on development result from an interaction between social, physical and cultural forces. Social environment. Refers to the various groups and social interaction going on within a given population. It refers to the learned ways of living and norms of behavior which are transmitted to the child through social groups within a given population.

Factors influencing the development of the country

2. Population. Refers to the number of people living in a given area. 3. Ideas. Ideas embody man s conceptions of his physical, social and cultural world. Ideologies are derived from social conditions. An ideological position can be a dominant force in guiding national development. The position touches the attitudes, motivations and behavioral patterns of the people. 4. Technology. Consists of material things as well as the form of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to convert available resources to men need and want. 5. Events. Refers to random, unpredictable happenings that affect the cause of social change. 6. Collective Action. The role of collective action in social change is another element influencing development.

U.S. EXPERIENCE LAYERING OF ECONOMIES/ REFORMATION OF SOCIETIES

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
- Led to THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

This dominated until the first global Applications of industrialization (18th century)

THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

- Led to THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY This lasted for about 170 years, From c. 1800 to 1970.

THE EMOTILE ECONOMY

- Is Leading to THE EMOTILE SOCIETY Began in earnest about 1992 and rises to dominance about 2005.

THE FOUR AGES: A SAMPLING OF DISTINGUSHING CHARACTERISTICS

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL POST INDUSTRIAL EMOTILE Instant, programmable (VCRs, microwaves, genetic engineering, 24- hours global immediacy), time irrelevant to access, too fast for humans. Family constantly redefined, non fixed household, multi residence, multimultinational. national. Merger of home and office. office. 1. Time triumph over begin to Partial Seasonal Calendar People time structured structure time clocks, nature (crop growth, 24 hour society), computers workweeks, shifts peoples lives and digital timepieces measure in thousandths of second, time becomes desired commodity, speeds up. 2. Household Extended family tied to the land, rural, self employed in family enterprise or in service to a single land owner. owner. Decline of extended family (beginning of nuclear family), tied to urban employer(s), women who didn t have to work, rise of concept of male breadwinner. breadwinner. Nuclear family, suburbia, two income households, serial family formulation (divorce, stepchildren). stepchildren). Commuter marriages

AGRICULTURAL

INDUSTRIAL

POST INDUSTRIAL

EMOTILE

3. Education One room, up Neighborhood schools, until teen years, age cohorts, vocational apprenticeships training, attendance and age mandates, strengthened uniform public education

Higher education, pre Electronic, life long, school, democratization knowledge haves and of all public education have note. processes, weakened public school system

4. Health Rule of nature over Application of science Large income, access to Control of and humankind, hands to temper nature, credit, many material creation of nature on delivery professional delivery possessions itself, genetic engineering, brain mapping, cybernetics, remote monitoring. monitoring. 5. Wealth Farmland (real Large home, capital Large income, access to assets), many sons assets, community credit, many material respect, saving and possessions pensions (Protestant Ethics). Ethics).

Financial security individually determined, emotional and physical well being, access to and knowledge of how to manipulate

AGRICULTURAL

INDUSTRIAL

POST INDUSTRIAL

EMOTILE To be self sustaining and safe, to amass a wealth of experiences, to have frequently reinvented oneself.

6. Success To own ones own To own ones own To master the skills of a property, to have business, to build profession or career more than it takes wealth and spend wealth to feed ones own family 7. Energy Manual, wind Steam, gas electric

Electric from numerous Electric via conversion sources, nuclear technologies, nuclear, superconducting, nanotechnology, (molecular robots). robots). New materials

8. The Boss The Father, the The entrepreneur, the The CEO, professional The executive team, owner - farmer capitalist manager the institutional investor, the self employed (one s self) 9. Retirement Not a factor Set at 65, thought to A third and long stage Non 65, fixed highly precede death by only of life individualized a few years

AGRICULTURAL

INDUSTRIAL

POST INDUSTRIAL

EMOTILE

10. Assets of Enterprise Livestock, farmable real Machinery, Speculative real state, equipment, water buildable real state, information, state, monetary monetary leverage capital, access to markets 11. 11. Weapons of Warfare Axes, guns, arrows, fire, Tanks, mines, hand-tohand-to-hand combat, planes, bombs, boats more sophisticated guns, warships, chemicals 12. 12. Science Flat earth, humans at Copernican, center of universe, Jungian/ deterministic Freudian, Newtonian (Mechanistic), heuristics Drugs, nuclear, computerized and electronic missiles, propaganda

Knowledge, delivery channels, employees customers, reputation

Biologicals, terrorism, satellites, disabling of communications infrastructures mind manipulation

Einsteinian, relative, Quantum, molecular, expanding linear, universe biological. biological.

non chaos ,

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Thru - Put Curriculum Proper 1. Introduction to Development 2. Model of Development 3. Rural Development Strategies/ Approaches 4. Administration of Rural Development Faculty 3. What KASH do we want to measure 4. What outcome our products be able to produce 5. Community Organization and Institutional framework of Rural Development Intended Behavioral Change Institutional Performance Output

General Variables 1. What do you want to know in the administration of development? 2. What kind of administrators do we want to develop?

1. Change Agent 2. Creative Manager Student 3. Popularizer of Technology 4. Social Committed and Conscious Manager

1. Efficiency 2.Effectiveness 3. Integration 4. Adaptation/ Innovation 5. Instructional Health Human Development --------Clientele Satisfaction

Concepts of Development
Period
1940s

Context/Situation
-WW -

Development of Action
- Charity and Welfare

Concept of Development
-Relief

II has just ended World economy in ruins Shortage of Goods and services (poverty is defined as shortage) Low Gross National Product (GNP) Lack of education, capital and management skills

1950s

-Industrialization -Transfer

-Economic

of capital/tech. -Population control -Community dev t.

-Integrated

growth

1960s

Increase in GNP but inequitable - Unjust distribution of wealth - 2/3 of the world s population subsist on less than 1/6 of the world s income
-

rural

-Liberation/Poli

dev t. -Rural development with people s participation

tics of Power

Concepts of Development
Period Context/Situation
1970s Growth continued but inequalities remained - Poverty was understood as a function of exploitation & oppressive structure
-

Development of Action Concept of Development

-Participatory

strategies -Community-based prog. Community-People s empowerment -Community organizing -Transformation of social structure
-Same

-Social

transformation -People s empowerment

1980s

Lost Decade - Widespread recession - Widespread national disaster (e.g., drought in Africa, flooding in Asia) - Widespread ethnic communal conflicts
-

as in the 70s -Greater effort at broadening, consolidation and institutionalizing people s empowerment

-People

s Power -There is confusion as models of development are debunked

Concepts of Development
Period Context/Situation
1990s
-

Development of Action Concept of Development

-Combination

Critical Decade Dehumanizing poverty Collapsing ecology Stressed structure

of political, economic, cultural and environmental action

-Participatory,

gendergender-sensitive, integrated arearebased, communitycommunitybased & sustainable development -People s Empowerment

With the framework of rural development, the following operational goals can be deduced:


Productivity goals increased productivity through the generation or employment of technology developed and appropriate to the rural milieu (this includes the proper utilization and conservation of available resources); Equity goals greater control of the results of increased production to ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits there from (also includes equal participation of community organization, farmer s organization);

Employment generation goals development or popularization of technology that is labor intensive, including introduction or promotion of cottage or small-scale industries primarily smalldesigned to maximize utilization of rural resources; Access goals demonstration of basic social services to reach those who can least afford them and the development of effective delivery systems for these services; and Control goals increased capacity of rural dwellers to creatively control their environment and make themselves the principal actors in the development process.

Rural Development
- is a process which leads to a rise in the capacity of rural people to control their environment, accompanied by wider distribution of benefits resulting from such control. An increase in the capacity to control environments as well as increase in access to benefits could be reflected in the following six indicators:

Rural Development Indicators

-

Changes in rural productivity, reflected in per acre hectare yield; Changes in the extent of employment, under employment, etc.; Changes in the power structure reflected in change in the extent of influence of rural people on the local and national decision-making process; decision-

Rural Development Indicators

-

Changes in the distribution of income and wealth; Changes in the degree of mobility in the local class structure reflected in allocation of position of prestige, status and power on the basis of achievement or ascription; Changes in the values, beliefs and attitudes faunable to the control of larger environments. Relevant faunable/unfauanble value changes may include fatalism, self-reliance, selftradition/experimentalism, optimism/pessimism, etc.

Rural Development
- is a deliberate, systematic analysis of the conditions and relationships in rural areas and the systematic, purposeful planning for progressive changes in them. Such changes occur in the psychological-social structure of psychologicalthe communities concerned through implementation of programs designed to achieve a just and equitable social system

Rural Development
- Is a process that leads to a continuous rise in the capacity of rural people to control their environment, accompanied by a wider distribution of benefits resulting from such control.

This definition reflects basically three concerns

1. That rural development should be viewed as a process of raising the capacity of rural people to control their environment which is more than agricultural development or economic development in rural areas. Such a conception encompasses simultaneous development in all aspects of rural life: social, economic, political and cultural.

2. Rural development as a process should continuously raise the capacity of rural people affect their total environment enabling them to become initiators and controllers of change in their environment rather than merely the passive objects of external manipulation and control.

3. The concept reflects the increasing concern with the wider distribution of benefits accruing from technical development and the participation of the under privileged and weaker sections of the rural population in the process of development.

New administration is likely to become a planner by being drawn into the process of national planning. He will spend much of his time in adapting the national plan to local conditions and will thus became the catalyst of social transformation, particularly in the rural areas. The new role demand a set of new values and skills, which do not fit too comfortably into the what an ideal public bureaucrat should be like

The new administration must taken cognizance of the changes that have taken place in the nature of bureaucratic tasks, particularly in the context of national goals of developing countries. He is more likely that of a managerial job which could be dealt not with the unusual, unprogrammed experience

The nature of new administrative tasks also suggests that he essential quality of the modern development-oriented developmentorganization is the organizational ability to innovate. The administration acting in a development setting is likely to assume the role of the politician, in the sense that he shares to a degree in the process of decision making and that his actions are likely to be felt to have significant social and political effects

ECONOMIC INDICATORS Production Finance Foreign Trade Natural Resources Energy Employment Household Income Expenditures & Price

SOCIAL INDICATORS Population Health & Nutrition Housing Education Social Welfare CD Public Order Safety & Justice Environment transportation & Communication Human Resource & Education

RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES/APPROACHES Part of the success or failure of a rural development program/project is based on the strategies employed. Various strategies had been evolved, tested and applied in order to successfully implement rural development programs and projects.

ICKI S THREE BASIC CATEGORIES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT Strategy here refers to the choice of objectives and the essential policies and plans for achieving those objectives. 1. The Welfare Strategy. Communities are regarded as more or less passive recipients of services which the government chooses to offer at a time and means of the government s choosing. 2. The Responsive strategy. The entire emphasis is on organizing the community into a cohesive unit which will be the sole initiator of action toward community improvements.

3. The Integrated Strategy. Here the community is considered to be an organized partner of the government. There is an integration of the welfare and responsive strategies, with the emphasis of joint decision-making and mutual support.

FREDERICK S OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT There are strategies of rural development identified by Frederick which were implemented in Asian countries with democratic leanings. 1. Infrastructure-oriented programs. Infrastructure-oriented rural development programs reflect the main thrust of the World Bank lending in the 50 s. 2. Community Development. A contemporaneous development with the World Bank approach was the people-oriented community development programs. CD is defined as a movement designed to promote better living for the whole community with the active participation and, if possible on the initiative of the community. If this is not forthcoming spontaneously, the use of techniques for arousing and stimulating it will secure the active and enthusiastic response to the movement.

3. Minimum Package Strategy. This is based on the rationale that-one, a minimum quantum of inputs is necessary to promote rural development; and two, that is more viable to spread this minimum requirement over a broad spectrum of clientele that to concentrate inputs in specific areas or regions. 4. Comprehensive Strategy. In this strategy, the target group is defined by region or sector, and a heavy, rather than a minimum concentration of inputs is delivered. 5. Integrated Rural Development Strategy. This strategy underscores the need for a multi-pronged and interrelated programs designed to give consideration to the socio-economic characteristics of the resources available in the area.

SECTORAL APPROACH Sectoral is grouping or lumping together projects or investments that are complementary to one another so that smoother administration is attained. Example: NEDA/RDC Region I 1. Economic Sector includes - agriculture, agrarian reform - science & technology industry - tourism - environmental & natural resources

2. Social Services - health - population & nutrition - education & manpower - social welfare & housing

3. Infrastructure Sector - transportation - communication - water services - energy

4. Development Administration - greater decentralization - delivery of government services - capability building of communities - volunteer services in development

APPROACHES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT General Approaches to Development (Valera, 1991) 1. Increase in income generation approach. This is the traditional World Bank approach which emphasizes productivity to eradicate poverty. 2. Social and political transformation or mobilization process. This approach promotes true democratic power at the community level through genuine participation and needs a process like empowerment.

Accordingly, Philippine rural development programs are classified into: a. Production-oriented which has two alternative approaches: a.1 the community approach whose main objective is to increase production in specific commodities like rice, corn, vegetables, fruits, etc. a.2 the farming system approach which aims to increase farm profit through the efficient use of farm resources. b. Human-oriented approach deals with programs, on health and nutrition, population and family planning, development schools and non-formal education. c. Integrated development approach is a unique and innovative ideology that is multi-disciplinary in approach and multi-sectoral in operation.

IADP PROJECTS: 1. Mindoro Integrated Rural Development Project Components: - agricultural development - roads - ports - watershed protection - irrigation - schistosomiasis control - assistance to cultural minority settlements Beneficiaries: 30,000 farmer (40% of the island s population) Project Cost: 345.9 PhP (foreign counterpart = 149.6 WB)

2. Bicol River Basin Development Project Components: - intensified food production - land reform program - cooperatives - infrastructure-irrigation, flood control, feeder roads

3. Cagayan Integrated Agricultural Development Project Components: - irrigation, drainage system - rural electrification system for five towns in lower Cagayan - agricultural services highlighted by the - establishment of the Agricultural Pilot Center at Iguig Target: 80,000 tons of palay; incremental income of 88M for 8,000 farmers Project Cost: 345M foreign counterpart = 183.3M (OECF & JICA)

4. Samar Integrated Rural Development Project Components: - infrastructure roads, ports, irrigation, flood control, drainage - agricultural extension - fisheries - coconut production/processing - schistosomiasis control Project Cost: 373.47M (163.58 WB; 208.32 Australian Govt.)

5. Palawan Integrated area Development Project Components: - environmental resource conservation - fisheries - agriculture in fixed upland-lowland terrains - production oriented agro-forestry projects Project Cost: 675M

6. Bohol Integrated Area development Project Components: - irrigation facilities - road network - hydroelectric plant Target: increase in rice production from 7,000 to 42,000 tons Annual savings of 1.15M from hydroelectric plant

INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT APPROACH Defined as geographic unit/area base implemented within a subregional delineation or is multi-provincial in scope for the improvement of the countryside. It is envisioned to ensure the interlinking of factors which are critical to the development of depressed areas in the country.

Characteristics; 1. Multi-Sectoral Operation -a total system approach is adopted in area whereby sectoral programs and population are integrated and packaged for greater impact. 2. Spatial Integration- IAD boundaries are drawn to link rural production areas effectively with market towns and urban centers. 3. Grassroots Participation designed to generate active and meaningful participation at the grassroots level in the planning, decision making and implementation of programs and projects.

4. Political Commitment to ensure the effective implementation of IAD as an administrative framework within the existing local government structure and function a firm and explicit commitment at the highest political level is required. 5. Organizational Integration seeks to integrate programs and projects in area by considering functional linkages, resource utilization, access to basic services and local participation in the planning and implementation process in a manner consistent with national objectives re rural development.

Objectives: Increased productivity Greater employment opportunities Equitable distribution of wealth Effective delivery system of social services Improved political and administrative capacity

SELECTED APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT 1. Trickle Down Approach is often referred to as the economic growth approach. It centers on the need to increase the gross national product and the per capita income. It assumes that upon reaching a high level of economic growth (above six percent is attained and sustained), the benefits of such growth inevitably trickle down to the greater mass of the people. 2. Welfare Approach according to Radwan & Alfthan (1979) basic needs are minimum requirements essential for decent human existence, includes items of private consumption (food, shelter and clothing) and socially provided services (safe drinking water, health & sanitation, public transport and educational facilities).

3. Ethical Approach it treats man as the end of the development process, not to means to the end. Also known as the humanism approach. Centers on the ascent of all men and societies is their total humanity (Govlet, 1975). 4. Revolutionary Approach this refers to the state of being conscious of the problems affecting one s self and society (reflection) and working towards solving such problems collectively with others (action) (Freire, 1972).

5. Atomistic Approach - this assumes that development consists of elements that can be analyzed individually and then developed singly. Elements such as poverty, population growth, illiteracy, unemployment and malnutrition, the development agency, worker or agent of change tries to solve each of the elements independent of the others. A variant of this is the sectoral approach. 6. Cause and Effect Approach this assumes that each effect has a cause, thus to attain development, one has to determine the causes/factors and try to eliminate these. 7. Holistic Approach the assumption here is that development consists of several elements or components and that there are interactions among them. This means that anything that happens in a component affects the others.

TYPE OF PROGRAMS External Programs Regulatory Programs Service Programs Development Programs Grant-in-aid Programs

APPROACHES Constitutional legal Structure descriptive Institutional Approach Behavioral Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach