The Evolution of TDMA to 3G & 4G Wireless Systems

Nelson Sollenberger AT&T Labs-Research Wireless Systems Research Division

AT&T Wireless Services

AT&T serves over 14 million subscribers with digital TDMA technology and some remaining analog technology, and provides packet data service with CDPD technology
TDMA European GSM North American TDMA Japanese PDC CDMA North American CDMA over 250 million ~ 50 million ~ 50 million ~ 60 million (including S. Korea)

Other TDMA operators - Rogers AT&T - Cingular (SBC & BellSouth) - throughout Mexico, Central & South America

Cellular Telephony Handsets

Nokia 5160

Nokia 8860

Ericsson PD 328

Motorola StarTAC ST7790 Phone

Various TDMA phones available today

TDMA parameters
30 KHz channels (like analog & CDPD) 20 msec speech frames 24.3 kbaud symbol rate 3 time-slots/users 7.4 kbps ACELP speech coding 1/2-rate channel coding on important bits interleaved over 2 bursts in 40 msec Differential pi/4-QPSK modulation

TDMA Capacity Roadmap

2000
Reuse N = 7
Dual band base
Operation at 800 or 1900 MHz. Calls can be set up on either frequency band and handed between them to manage traffic Additional spectrum at 1900 MHz adds directly to capacity of cell

2001
N=5

2002
N=4
Smart Antennas
Base station antennas systems that use digital signal processing to cancel interference

Dynamic Channel Assignment

Network automatically assigns radio frequencies to cell sites for more efficient utilization of frequencies

Base Station Power Control

Base stations only transmit power required to reach mobile with adequate signal quality resulting in lower interference

Discontinuous Transmission
Mobiles transmit only during when user is speaking. Lowers interference in the system and increases talk time

IS-136 Smart Antenna Test Bed

Reuse of 3/9 to 4/12, instead of 7/21, approximately 2x capacity Two dual polarization uplink antennas, downlink multibeam antenna with 4 - 30 beams Shared linear power amplifier unit with Butler matrices Real-time downlink power control with beam tracking

Wireless Data Terminals

Sierra PCMCIA CDPD Modem

Nokia 9110

The new Ericsson R380 phone, which features wireless data 3COM functions

Nokia 3G vision

Palm VII

WIRELESS COMPUTING
WIRELESS GROWTH INTERNET GROWTH

- web access - e-mail - file transfer - location services - streaming audio & video

RF & DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

MOBILE SOFTWARE

Macrocellular Wireless Data Evolution & AT&Ts Roadmap

5M
1M HDR

Wideband OFDM

data 384 k rate

64 k 9.6 k

EDGE WCDMA GPRS IS-136+ IS-95+ PDC GSM IS-136 CDPD IS-95 1995 2000 2005

EDGE Technology
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA operators Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air interface and networks Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP capability

GPRS Airlink
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Same GMSK modulation as GSM 4 channel coding modes Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps Flexible time slot allocation (1-8) Radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation

EDGE Airlink
Extends GPRS packet data with adaptive modulation/coding 2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for best effort data 8-PSK/GMSK at 271 ksps in 200 KHz RF channels supports 8.8 to 59.2 kbps per time slot Supports peak rates over 384 kbps Requires linear amplifiers with < 3 dB peak to average power ratio using linearized GMSK pulses Initial deployment with less than 2x 1 MHz using 1/3 reuse with EDGE Compact as a complementary data service

GPRS Networks
consists of packet wireless access network and IP-based backbone shares mobility databases with circuit voice services and adds new packet switching nodes (SGSN & GGSN) will support GPRS, EDGE & WCDMA airlinks provides an access to packet data networks Internet X.25 provides services to different mobile classes ranging from 1-slot to 8-slot capable radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services

Compact vs Classic
Classic 4/12 reuse continuous downlinks on first 12 carriers 2.4 MHz x2 minimum spectrum Compact 1/3 reuse in space frame synchronized base stations reuse of 4 in time for control channels partial loading for traffic channels discontinuous downlinks 600 KHz x2 minimum spectrum

EDGE Channel Coding and Frame Structure

Burst N 464 bits 1 data block Convolutional Coding Rate = 1/3 Length = 7 Puncture
1392 bits 1392 bits

Interleave

Burst N+1 Burst N+2

348 bits/ burst

156.25 symbols/slot

8PSK Modulate
468.75 bits

Burst Format
348 bits

Burst N+3

20 msec frame with 4 time-slots for each of 8 bearers

8 Time Slots

1 Time Slot = 576.92 s

Tail symbols 3 Data symbols 58 Training symbols 26 Data symbols 58 Tail symbols 3 Guard symbols 8.25

Modulation: 8PSK, 3 bits/symbol Symbol rate: 270.833 ksps Payload/burst: 348 bits Gross bit rate/time slot: 69.6 kbps - overhead = 59.2 kbps user data

EDGE Modulation, Channel Coding & Bit Rates

Scheme Modulation Maximum rate [kb/s] MCS-9 MCS-8 MCS-7 MCS-6 MCS-5 MCS-4 MCS-3 MCS-2 MCS-1 GMSK 8PSK 59.2 54.4 44.8 29.6 22.4 17.6 14.8 11.2 8.8 1.0 0.92 0.76 0.49 0.37 1.0 0.80 0.66 0.53 A A B A B C A B C Code Rate Family

EDGE Link Throughput

9
4

01 x

)2/1=R( 1SCM )3/2=R( 2SCM )7/6=R( 3SCM )1=R( 4SCM )8/3=R( 5SCM )2/1=R( 6SCM )4/3=R( 7SCM )1=R( 8SCM

]spbk[ S tuphguorT

03

52

02 ]Bd[ I/C

51

01

EDGE Compact System Performance

Probability throughput < = X per timeslot
100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X (kb/s) 100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Probability packet delay < = X

X (msec)

26 users/sector at 3.5 kbps average load per user

EDGE Classic Multi-slot Gain

Average User Throughput (kb/s)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 9 18 27 36 45

single-slot

Multi-slot

Ave. # of users per sector

EDGE Evolution
Best effort IP packet data on EDGE Voice over IP on EDGE circuit bearers Network based intelligent resource assignment Smart antennas & adaptive antennas Downlink speeds at several Mbps based on wideband OFDM and/or multiple virtual channels

VoIP over EDGE Bearer Performance

Focused on GMSK full-rate & 8PSK half-rate EDGE channels with dedicated MAC & random frequency hopping for 7.4 kbps voice coding
55 50 45 7.2 MHz Spectrum 50

Normalized voice capacity

40 35

(Erlang/Site/MHz)

35 30 25 20 20 15 11 10 5 0 Baseline
GSM IS-136 EGPRS/GMSK/F

30

29

10

Enhanced
EGPRS/8PSK/H

* 1/3 reuse * no shadow fading change due to mobility *Signal-based power control is assumed for baseline EGRPS *SINR-based power control & LI-DCA assumed for enhanced

*This assumes 30 mph vehicle speed for micro fading * SINR-based power control with adaptive target

Smart Antennas for EDGE

Key enhancement technique to improve system capacity and user experience Leverage Smart Antennas currently in development/deployment for IS-136 & GSM

Uplink Adaptive Antenna

SIGNAL

INTERFERENCE

SIGNAL OUTPUT

BEAMFORMER WEIGHTS

Downlink Switched Beam Antenna

BEAMFORMER SIGNAL

BEAM SELECT

SIGNAL OUTPUT

Aggressive frequency re-use High spectrum efficiency Increased co-channel interference

INTERFERENCE

Smart antennas provide substantial interference suppression for enhanced performance

EDGE Smart Antenna Processing

Dual Diversity Receiver Using DDFSE for Joint ISI and CCI Suppression
Output Data

Viterbi Decoder

Receiver

Deinterleaver Feed-forward Filter Symbol Timing and Recovery

Soft Output

Rx

Rx Filter

DDFSE Equalizer Feed-forward Filter Equalizer Training

Rx

Rx Filter

Jack Winters Hanks Zeng Ashutosh Dixit

Simulation results show a 15 to 30 dBimprovement in S/I with 2 receive antennas Real-time EDGE Test Bed supports laboratory and field tests to demonstrate improved performance

EDGE 2-Branch Smart Antenna Performance

Laboratory Tests
EDGE MCS-5 with Interference Suppression in a Typical Urban Environment

20 dB SNR

Block Error Rate

Signal-to-Interference Ratio (dB)

Laboratory results show a 15 to 30 dB improvement in S/I with 2 receive antennas

Improvement with Terminal Diversity and Interference Suppression: User Experience

Prob. (throughput <=X) (%)
Prototype Dual Antenna Handset
External Whip Internal Patch

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40

No Diversity Simple Diversity Interference Suppression

50

60

70

Multi-cell EDGE Compact Simulation - 1/3 reuse - 18 users per sector - 3.5 kbps average load per user

X (kb/s)

Typical user throughput increased from 30 to 45 kbps per time-slot

4G Wireless: One View

4G WOFDM high speed downlink a wireless cable modem Complement to EDGE/UMTS High peak data rates (up to 10 Mb/s) in a 5 MHz channel spectrum - 500 MHz to 3 GHz 3G EDGE/WCDMA network for uplink, downlink, control and signalling

Path Loss and Fading Challenge

Reflected signals arrive spread out over 5 to 20 microsecond

Delay Spread Path Loss

path loss up to ~ 150 dB (that is a 1 followed by 15 zeroes)

Rayleigh Fading
rapid fading of 20 to 30 dB (power varies by 100 to 1000 times in level at rates of about 100 times per second)

Cellular Interference Challenge

1
Each base station is equipped with three 120 degree directional antennas to reduce interference & improve capacity

Cumulative Probability

0.1

0.01

1|3 reuse 2|6 reuse 3|9 reuse 4|12 reuse 7/21 reuse

0.001 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Signal to Interference ratio in dB

AT&T Labs-Research Work on 4G

Smart antennas Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems Space-Time Coding Dynamic Packet Assignment Wideband OFDM

MIMO Radio Channel Measurements

Multiple antennas at both the base station and terminal can significantly increase data rates with sufficient multipath Ability to separate signals from closely spaced antennas has been demonstrated indoors and in AT&T-Lucent IS-136 field trial Lucent has demonstrated 26 bps/Hz in 30 kHz channel with 8 Tx and 12 Rx antennas indoors AT&T has performed measurements on 4 Tx by 4 Rx antenna configurations in full mobile & outdoor to indoor environments

MIMO Channel Measurement System

Transmitter 4 antennas mounted on a laptop 4 coherent 1 Watt 1900 MHz transmitters with synchronous waveform generator

Receive System Dual-polarized slant 45 PCS antennas separated by 10 feet and fixed multibeam antenna with 4 - 30 beams 4 coherent 1900 MHz receivers with real-time baseband processing using 4 TI TMS320C40 DSPs

MIMO Measured Channel Capacity

Potential Capacity Relative to a Single Antenna System

Capacity increase close to 4 times that of a single antenna is possible with 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas Capacity for pedestrians is similar to mobile users

Performance Measure
Complex channel measurement: H = [ H ij] for the ith transmit and jth receive antenna Capacity (instantaneous and averaged over 1 second) for 4 TX by 4 RX: C = log2(det[I + (V/4)HH]) = log2(1 + (V/4)Pi) where V is the total signal-to-noise ratio per antenna and Pi is the ith eigenvalue of HH To eliminate the effect of shadow fading, the capacity is normalized to the average capacity with a single antenna: Cn = log2(1 + (V/4)Pi) / (1/16) log2(1 + VHij)

Multiple Input Multiple Output Wireless

RX diversity - HF, terrestrial microwave, cellular. TX frequency offset diversity & simulcasting for paging - 70s Adaptive array processing in military systems TX diversity - 80s frequency offset (channel decoding combining) delay (equalizer combining) Optimum combining for cellular (multipath channels) - 80s Space-division multiple access - 80s & 90s angle-of-arrival based multi-path based (supports co-location & multi-channels per user) MIMO - 80s & 90s
Multiple spatial channels using adaptive antenna arrays BLAST - successive interference cancellation combined with coding Space-Time coding

Space-Time Coding

How do you enhance TX delay diversity ( a repetition code)?

Multiple Antennas increase System Capacity

MIMO (BLAST & space-time coding) techniques increase bit rate and/or quality on a link by creating multiple channels and/or enhancing diversity Switched/steered beam antennas for base stations and interference suppression/adaptive antennas for terminals reduce interference, increasing system capacity

OFDM for 4G Wireless

~ 6 kHz ~ 800 tones

~ 5 MHz

OFDM is being increasingly used in high -speed information transmission systems: - European HDTV - Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) - Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) - IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

Mobile OFDM parameters: ex.

5 MHz channels ~ 6 KHz tones ~ 13/26 MHz sample rate 2048 FFT size (160 usec OFDM blocks) 256/512 sample OFDM block guard time QPSK & 16-QAM modulation adaptive modulation/coding 1 to 2 msec time-slots in 20 to 40 msec frames

OFDM Characteristics
High peak-to-average power levels Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path Efficient FFT based receiver structures Enables efficient TX and RX diversity Adaptive antenna arrays without joint equalization Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier Frequency diversity Robust against narrow-band interference Efficient for simulcasting Variable/dynamic bandwidth Used for highest speed applications Supports dynamic packet access

OFDM Robust Channel Estimation

FFT received signals FFT remove data IFFT 2-branch maximal-ratio combining
. . .

data

synch word
Estimator 1
. . .

FFT

. . .

. . .

. .

. .

. .

Estimator 2

WOFDM 2-Branch Diversity Performance

1

Word Error Rate

0.1 CC, k=9 CC, k=3 RS 0.01

0.001 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SNR (dB)

Spectrum Efficiency
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 Dynamic Channel Allocation with Power Control Dynamic Channel Allocation Synch CDMA

Efficiency

SNR (dB)
Source: G. J. Pottie, IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 50-67, October 1995

Efficiency: IS-136

0.04; IS-95 0.07; GSM 0.04

Dynamic Packet Assignment

2. Mobile sends measurements of path losses for nearby bases to serving base

4. Bases assign channels to all packets/mobiles

1. Mobile locks to the STRONGEST base

3. Serving base forwards measurements to nearby bases

5. Bases forward channel assignment info to nearby bases

~ 50 % improvement in performance

Wideband OFDM Staggered Frame

1 Frame 20 ms Control Slots 16 resources in 1 msec time-slots Control Slots ..... Superframe 80 ms 3 2 4 1 Superframe 80 ms 3 2 4 .....

4 ms 20 OFDM Blocks

5 Blocks group A

5 Blocks group B 1B Sync & data

5 Blocks group C

5 Blocks group D

2B
data

2B
data

WOFDM Performance with Dynamic Packet Assignment & 5 MHz of Spectrum

120
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

MR, No beam-forming IS, No beam-forming MR, Four beams per sector IS, Four beams per sector

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Throughput per site (kb/s)

OFDM Experimental Program

Baseband signal processing based on commercial off-the-shelf DSP hardware with some custom designed components Sony-provided 1900 MHz transceivers Real-time performance measured through RF channel fading simulator Phase 1 parameters: - >384 kb/s end user data rate - 800 kHz downlink bandwidth - GSM-derived clocks (2.166 MHz sample rate with 512 FFT) - 3.467 kbaud - 189 OFDM tones with 4.232 kHz tone spacing - differential detection - Reed-Solomon channel coding

Typical Urban channel

800 kHz

RF

A/D

FFT Demodulator Erasure detection Decoder Data Intf

RF

A/D

FFT OFDM receiver

Summary: Key Features of 4G W-OFDM

IP packet data centric Support for streaming, simulcasting & generic data Peak downlink rates of 5 to 10 Mbps Full macro-cellular/metropolitan coverage Asymmetric with 3G uplinks (EDGE) Variable bandwidth - 1 to 5 MHz Adaptive modulation/coding Smart/adaptive antennas supported MIMO/BLAST/space-time coding modes Frame synchronized base stations using GPS Network assisted dynamic packet assignment