Water & Wastewater Treatment

Objectives:
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment  Define BOD  Describe the activated sludge process  Setup and solve a mass balance for an activated sludge system


Review


Sorption:
  

Kd=Cs/CL CT=(1+KdCss)CL Fraction sorbed vs. fraction remaining in water

Settling


Settling velocity: vs !

g V s  V w d 2 18Q

Percent of particles removed: (1-Css/Css,o) x 100% (1

Where,

Css 1 ! Css ,o 1  vs A Q

WellWell-Mixed Settling Tank

Q, Css,o

vs

Css V

Q, Css

Suspended solids remaining:

1 Css ! Css ,o 1  vs A Q

Define the Overflow Rate:

Q A
~ 20 100 m/day in treatment plants

Wastewater Treatment


POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works

0.4 0.6 m3/person/day  15 million people in Los Angeles 7.5 x 106m3/day or 2000 MGD (million gallons per day)  Hyperion 450 MGD


Clean Water Act (CWA) 1977 Set effluent (what is released by treatment plants into the environment) standards

Stages of Water Treatment



Primary


Contaminants (60% of solids and 35% of BOD removed)

   

Oil & Grease Total Suspended Solids (Css or TSS) 60% Removed Pathogens BOD 35% removed Screens Grit Settling Scum Flotation Primary Settling

Processes
   

Stages (continued)


Secondary


Contaminants
BOD 90% Removed  TSS 90% Removed


Processes
Trickling Filter rotating disk  Activated Sludge Suspended and mixed  Oxidation ponds lagoons (promote contact between microbes and contaminants)


Stages (continued)


Tertiary


Contaminants
Nutrients  Dissolved solids (e.g., salt, other ions, etc.)


Processes
Denitrification bacteria  Phosphorus removal precipitation  Other chemicals adsorption and precipitation


Primary Sludge (contd)

Primary Sludge

Q, Css,o

Q, Css

Primary Sludge (contd)

 ms ! sludge production rate



Given:
   

Q = 4000 m3/d Css,o = 200 mg/L and Css = 100 mg/L Sludge density = 0.05 kg/L Overflow rate of 50 m/d Population of town served by this unit Sludge production rate Area of settling tank Settling velocity of particles CutCut-off size of particles (find the particle diameter corresponding to this settling velocity. Assume Vs = 2600 kg/m3. All particles larger than this size will settle)

Find
    

Activated Sludge

Activated Sludge Components

Activated Sludge Components

Activated Sludge (contd)

Activated Sludge Nomenclature

Q, So, Xo Q+QR, S, X Q-Qs, S

QR, Xs

Qs+QR, Xs Qs, Xs

S stands for conc. of substrate (organic matter, waste, etc.) or BOD X stands for conc. of microorganisms

Activated Sludge Nomenclature (contd)

Q, So, Xo Q, V Qs+QR, Xs QR, Xs Qs, Xs Q+QR, S, X ~Q, S

Assumptions: Effluent bacteria concentration is 0 Concentration of substrate or BOD in sludge is 0 Sludge flowrate (Qs) is much smaller than Q

Decay of BOD and growth of organisms



Substrate or BOD (S) decays with rate k:

dS !  kS dt


Microbes (X) grow at rate Q:

dX ! QX dt

Activated Sludge Equations



The following equations are derived from conducting mass balances over:
The entire system  The aeration tank  The sedimentation tank


Any good book on wastewater engineering will have the derivations if you are curious!

Activated Sludge Equations



Biomass (X) balance over entire system:

 ms ! Qs X s ! QXV


Substrate (S) balance over entire system:

 YQ So  S ! QXV ! ms biomass produced QXV Y! ! BOD consumed kSV

More AS equations


Mass balance over sedimentation tank:

Q  QR X

  

! QXV  QR X s

Other equation(s)/rules of thumb:

F/M = QSo/XV - Food-to-microbe ratio: 0.3 0.7 d-1 Food-toQR ~ 0.25 0.50 x Q X ~ 1000 2000 mg/L Given Q, So, and S (target concentration) Find QR, Qs, X, Q, V, Y

Problem types:
 

Example
 

Find Qs, Q, V, Y Given:

Q = 1000 m3/d  So = 150 mg/L  S = 15 mg/L  QR = 240 m3/d  F/M = 0.3 d-1  X = 2000 mg/L  Xs = 1% or 10,000 mg/L


Definition of BOD


Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.