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Elements of physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metalsclassification, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of some important aluminium, titanium, copper and other important non-ferrous alloys. Heat treatment of some non-ferrous alloys and their applications
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Table 1: Some properties of commercially pure metals: Polmear (Eb153); Journal of Metals. 54 (2002) 4248 and Steel World, 2 (1997) 59.
Table 2: The European car in 1990. Total weight in 1985 was 815 kg, the increase being due to the introduction of enhanced passenger protection. The cost of accidents decreased from 32516 to 29220 million ECUs from 1992 to 1995 respectively, in spite of an increase in the number of vehicles from 146 to 153 million (Source: OICA, Paris).
Materials used in the manufacture of a typical 2000 model year family sedan in North America. Journal of Metals, 54 (2002) 4250.
For a given weight, pure aluminium has the highest conductivity than any element. Specific conductivity twice that of Cu.
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what does industry need ? how can academia help ? whats new (in aluminium !) ?
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degassing
filtration
casting
scalping
scheduling
tandem mill
reroll coiling
packing Non-Ferrous
shipping
communication ?
communication ?
enabling technology
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Aluminum-I
Third most abundant element in the earth's crust, behind silicon and oxygen. Light Weight: Lightest available commercial metals with a density approximately one third that of steel or copper. Excellent Corrosion Resistance: due to the thin layer of aluminium oxide Strong: TS of pure Al is not high. But mech props can be improved greatly by alloying and tempering. Its electrical conductivity make it an excellent choice for electrical applications such as wiring and conductors. Its strength-to-weight ratio makes it attractive in structural applications as well as cast aluminum engine components, e.g. blocks, heads, and manifolds. Its high reflectivity of infrared and visible radiation makes it desirable in headlights, light fixtures, and many insulations. It is also used as a paint pigment.
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Aluminum-II
Nontoxic, nonmagnetic and nonsparking. User for electrical shielding Pure aluminum has tensile strength 13,000 psi. Substential increae of strength is achievable by cold working or alloying. Have machinabillity or workability.
Iron & Steel Packageing General Engineering Building & Constraction Electrical Engineering Transport Miscellaneous Domestic & Office equipment
38%
5% 10%
20% 8% 8%
5% 6%
Production
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Aluminum-III
Property Value
Atomic Number Atomic Weight (g/mol) Valency Crystal Structure Packing Density (%) Co-ordination Number Melting Point (C) Electrical Conductivity (m/ -mm2) Electrical Resistively at 20 C ( Density (g/cc) Modulus of Elasticity (Gpa) Poisson Ratio Poissons Ratio UTS (60%elongation) (Psi) Hardness (Brinell, 500 kg,10mm) cm)
13 26.98 3 fcc 74 12 660.2 37.67 2.69 2.6898 68.3 0.34 0.35 10,000 15
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Applications:
Aerospace & air travel: structural components of planes, fuel tanks in spacecraft Building and construction: panels, roofs, window frames Packaging: beverage cans, foil Transport: bikes, car engine parts, bus bodies Electrical: e.g. overhead cables
markets
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metallurgy
300 nm
40 nm
thixoforming
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Bronze
Alloy of copper and any other metal. As with brasses, there are many formula for bronzes, depending on the application. Aluminum bronzes, tin bronzes, phosphor bronzes, nickel bronzes and silicon bronzes are all examples of varying alloys. The principle alloying element determines the nomenclature. Bronzes are used in applications such as bearings, decorative uses, and applications which require them not to spark when struck with another metal. This makes them useful in the transport and handling of items such as explosives, fuels, and flammable materials. Bronzes are often used in statues and can be seen to form the familiar green oxidized coating.
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Magnesium
Light material, lighter than aluminum Derived primarily from seawater Magnesium is a very active metal and, when burned, gives off an intense heat and light. Used as an alloying element in steels and in applications which require high strength-to-weight ratios, such as extension ladders, aircraft, space vehicles, power tools, and similar applications.
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Chromium
Used in decorative and corrosion-resistant coatings. It is a major alloying element in many steels, especially stainless steels. It is used to provide a tough, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, decorative surface.
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Nickel
Used as a plating material. It polishes to a high luster. It offers a wide working temperature range. It is also used as an alloying element for other materials, such as steels and bronzes. Nickel is also used in magnets, heating thermocouples, and rechargeable batteries. elements,
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Silver
Silver finds application in photographic films and papers. At one time, it was used to plate mirrors. It is now used in the manufacture of photochromatic lenses. Photochromatic lenses darken when exposed to ultraviolet light. Silver is also used in brazing alloys and long-life batteries. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2) is used as an explosive. used for medicinal purposes.
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Platinum
Platinum is found in a group of six metals extracted from nickel ores -- iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and platinum. Of these, platinum has the most widespread application. It is used in corrosion-resistant coatings, as a catalyst for chemical reactions, high-resistance furnace wire, and in catalytic converters. A large percentage of platinum is used in laboratory equipment, medical instruments, and fine jewelry. Platinum is more expensive per pound than gold.
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Refractory Metals
They find application where high temperature stability is required. For example, furnace components, high speed tools, temperature-measuring devices and components, aircraft components and space vehicle shields. These metals also find application in electrical devices such as capacitors and rectifiers.
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Titanium
Titanium is lightweight and strong. It is an important metal for the aerospace industry which requires high strength under extreme conditions. It is also used in the medical field for instruments and artificial joint replacements. Titanium is also used as a pigment in paints.
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Tin
Tin is a major component of solders. It is also used as both an alloying element. Tin is a major alloy of many copper products. It is used to plate other metals due to its corrosion resistance.
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Zinc
Zinc is commonly used as a plating material for steels. This product is termed galvanized steel. It is the familiar grayish coating seen on products such as nails and sheets. It is also used in die castings (such as die-cast children's toys, carburetor bodies, and pump housings) and as an alloying element in nonferrous metals. Zinc oxide is used in paints, glass, cements, and medicines.
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