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RADAR
RAdio
Detection And Ranging an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of object operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform and detecting the nature of the signals reflected back from objects
SIMPLE RADAR
Consists of Transmitter unit Antenna Energy detecting receiver processor
portion of the transmitted signal is received by a reflecting object (target) and is reradiated in all directions. The antenna collects the returned energy in the backward direction and delivers it to the receiver. The distance to the receiver is determined by measuring the time taken for the electromagnetic signal to travel to the target and back.
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FUNCTION OF DUPLEXER
isolate the transmitter and receiver during transmission and reception. To protect the receiver from high power transmitter To help use a single transmitter/ receiver antenna.
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Free space condition implies that the radar set and the target are isolated in an unbounded empty space.
Conditions to be fulfilled: No large obstacles lie between antenna and the target No alternative transmission path via any reflecting surface The intervening medium is transparent, i.e., it does not absorb energy from the electromagnetic waves at the frequency used. The intervening medium is homogeneous with respect to the refractive index at the radar frequency.
Power (W) delivered by transmitter to antenna = PT Power Density (W/m2) at distance R from the radar = PT/4 R2 4 R2 Surface area of the sphere Gain of an antenna i.e. the GT measure of the increased power radiated in the direction of the target Power Density from a antenna = PTGT/4 R2
energy is incident on the target and gets scattered in various directions A part of the energy returns in the direction of the radar antennas The effective echo area of the target is Power Density of the echo signal at the Radar = (PTGT/4 R2 ).( /4 R2 ) The receiving antenna effectively intercepts the power of the echo signal at the radar over a certain area called the effective Area Ae
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Since the power density (W/m2) is intercepted across an area Ae Power delivered to the receiver = PTGT Ae/(4 R2 )2 This is Free Space Radar Equation Now the maximum range Rmax is the distance beyond which the target cannot be detected due to insufficient received power Pr The minimum power which the receiver can detect is called the minimum detectable signal Smin