Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

LECTURE

3
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INTERNET & NETWORKS

Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

What is a Network?

A computer network is defined as the interconnection of 2 or more independent computers. Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers. The computers geographically anywhere. can be located

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information)

Office Management Tool - I

Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Computers everywhere. Also means communication is possible everywhere.

Users connected anywhere/anytime. PC (laptop, palmtop) equivalent to cell phone.

Networking computers together is critical!

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Sharing files.
You can access files on other network computers. This can be very handy, for example, when you're paying bills on a laptop in the living room, and you need a file thats on the computer in your home office. With a network, you can access that file without having to physically go to the other computer. And you're in control: with a network, you can share what you want to share and keep private what you want to keep private.
Office Management Tool - I Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Sharing information i.e. data communication Do you prefer these?

Or this?

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Streaming media.
Media streaming refers to the process of sending digital media, such as photos, music, or video, over a network to a device that can play the media. For instance, you can view your photos or movies on some current-generation TVs, or you can play music on some compatible stereo receivers that are connected to your network.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Sharing an Internet connection.

You can share a broadband Internet connection which means you dont have to buy a separate Internet account for each computer.

Playing network games.

You can play computer games with other people on the Internet, and you can even connect game consoles (such as Microsoft Xbox, Nintendo Wii, and Sony PlayStation) to your network.
Office Management Tool - I Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Why Networking?

Sharing a printer.
Instead of buying a printer to connect to each computer, you can use one printer and connect it to the network. Then everyone on the network can use it.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Go wireless and set free from your desk

With a wireless network, you don't have to be tied to your desk to take care of computer-related tasks. And you don't have to go out of your way to use the Internet because it's everywhere in your home. If your network is wireless, youre free to move about in our housewith a laptop. You might even take the laptop outside and read your e-mail in the shade of the old apple tree.
Office Management Tool - I Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Office Management Tool - I

Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

With wireless networking, you can have computers anywhere in your home without having to run cables to those locations. Cables are expensive to install in the walls, and theyre unsightly and a trip hazard if left lying on the floor, so keeping them out of your home is a plus!

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Problems?

Security!
Its much easier to protect centralized resources than when they are distributed. Network itself as the target..

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

How many kinds of Networks?

Depending on ones perspective, we can classify networks in different ways;

Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless Based on network size: LAN and WAN (and MAN) Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and Client/Server Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring
Office Management Tool - I Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Local Area Network (LAN)

Small network, short distance

A room, a floor, a building Limited by no. of computers and distance covered Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN Serve a department within an organization

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.
Towns, states, countries

WAN

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides uplink services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup No hierarchy among computers all are equal No administrator responsible for the network

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:

Low cost Simple to configure User has full accessibility of the computer

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

May have duplication in resources Difficult to uphold security policy Difficult to handle uneven loading
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Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:

10 or less users No specialized services required Security is not an issue Only limited growth in the foreseeable future

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Clients and Servers

Network Clients (Workstation Workstation)

Computers that request network resources or services

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Network Servers
Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients
Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than clients Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network Servers often have a more strict requirement on its performance and reliability

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Advantages of client/server networks

Facilitate resource sharing centrally administrate and control Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance Enhance security only administrator can have access to Server Support more users difficult to achieve with peer-topeer networks
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Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Disadvantages of client/server networks

High cost for Servers Need expert to configure the network Introduce a single point of failure to the system

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

The Internet

Every machine transparently connected to every other

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Internet is the network of networks i.e. a global network which make WWW (world wide web)

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.OR A network of networks of computer hosts able to seamlessly communicate.OR It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.
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Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

HOW DID THE INTERNET START

The Internet grew out of an experiment in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network was damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

That network was ARPANET, (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In the 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF) used this same technology to create its own network (NSFNET), which allowed researchers to share data and access resources located on remote computers.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Eventually many educational, governmental, commercial, and other organizations connected their own local computer networks to the NSFNET to form what is now known as the Internet.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Net Anatomy

The Web physically consists of

your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data, and routers and switches to direct the flow of information.
Office Management Tool - I Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

WHO CONTROLS THE INTERNET?

The Internet is not controlled by any individual or group. Currently, a non-profit organization called the Internet Society (ISOC) elects a board that is responsible for managing the technology and direction of the Internet.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

What is the Internet Society ? The global international organization for open systems internetworking and the Internet. A common mechanism for:
standards making operational administration and coordination research coordination and education global cooperation among national, regional, and other international bodies

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

An international means for sharing information and encouraging development of internet-related infrastructure and use around the world. Members consists of individuals and organizations commercial, governmental, and non-profit.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

WHAT CAN I DO ON THE INTERNET?

Electronic Mail (email)

Using email you can exchange messages with other people around the world. You can also subscribe to electronic discussion lists and journals.

Usenet Newsgroups
Usenet is an informal network of computers that allows you to post and read messages in newsgroups that focus on specific topics.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

TELNET
Telnet allows you to log on to and use other computers that are connected to the Internet no matter where they are located. Telnet is commonly used to connect to library catalogs, community information systems, and fee-based database services.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

FTP allows you to transfer files to and from computers that are connected to the Internet. Files that are transferred using FTP can contain text, images, sounds, software, etc.

GOPHER
Gopher also allows you to access files on the Internet. Because gopher sites do not allow graphical displays or hypertext linking, most of them are already replaced by World Wide Web sites.
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Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

The World Wide Web allows you to access information on any computer, world-wide, that makes files publicly available using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This protocol allows hypertext links between files on the same computer, or on other computers on the Internet.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Connection terminology

Connection bandwidth (the amount of data that can travel through a communication line in a given unit of time) available. Upstream, also called upload, occurs when
information is sent from you to the ISP.

Downstream, called download or downlink, occurs

when information flows to your computer from the ISP. Example: Web page download.

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data across communication lines. Because telecommunications systems use a wide variety of hardware and software, protocols are needed to coordinate communication. What kinds of issues do protocols need to handle?

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Institute of Management Sciences

Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Tasks for protocols

Protocols need to handle the following tasks:

Identify the different devices in the communications path. Establish the speed and method for transmission of data. Alert the receiving device to the incoming data. Define the method for the receiving device to confirm the receipt of the data. Determine the methods of error checking and correction.
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Lecture 3: Introduction to Internet & Networks

Muhammad Shahzad Ali

Common Internet protocols include :

TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol POP = Post Office Protocol FTP = File Transfer Protocol HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

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