Classification of fungi and its physiology

Presenter Dr Pramod kumar Dept. of Rasashatra 1

What is the biggest organism ever?

Apatosaurus?

Blue whale?

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

None of the above its a fungus

A single clone of the honey mushroom Armillaria can cover more than 2,200 acres (1,600 football fields)

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

Six kingdoms

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

CONTENTS Objective
History Introduction Fungal characters and anatomy Classification Physiology Nutrition sources and process of getting nutrition Helpful fungi Harmful fungi Research work Summary Conclusion 2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio 5 References

OBJECTIVE
To know about fungi classification and its physiology

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

HISTORY
During Scientific study of fungi in 1836 by English naturalist Miles joseph berkeley have given explanation about fungi. The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

INTRODUCTION
Mycology Mycetes, myces = fungi

Fungi can live in many habitats including the arctic, tropical rainforest, fresh and salt water. However, most fungi live in soil. Fungi are not able to produce their own food as plants do. Fungi are said to be SAPROTROPHS, because they live on dead organic matter such as leaves and wood. To obtain nutrients fungi secrete special digestive enzymes which degrade organic material outside the mycelium. The degraded compounds can then be ingested.

People that study fungi are called Mycologists. To date, 100,000 species of fungi have been discovered.

It is thought that there are over one million species still to be found. The fungi that most people are familiar are mushrooms.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

CHARACTERISTICS

1) Cell wall made of Chitin 2) Heterotrophs and major Decomposers 3) Body is made of Long filaments of hyphae which form a mycelium 4) Reproduce sexually and asexually Asexually by spores Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

Fungal anatomy

Hyphae and mycelium

Hyphae- thread-like filaments Reproductive structure or fruiting body

2/29/2012 fungi interwoven mass hyphae Mycelium classi & physio of 10

FUNGI CLASSIFICATION
On basis of mode of reproduction 1. Zygomycetes (zygospores) 2. Ascomycetes (ascospores) 3. Basidiomycetes(basidospores) 4. chytridiomycota() On basis of morphology 1. 2. 3. 4. Yeast Yeast like fungi Filamentous fungi Thermally dimorphic fungi fungi classi & physio 11

On basis of size 1.Macrofungi 2.Microfungi

2/29/2012

1)

Simple fungi
Flagellated Spores

Water mold, potato blight, mildew

Yeast, Morels, Truffles

Mushrooms, puffballs Rusts

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

12

Chytridiomycota chytrids
Simple fungi Produce motile spores zoospores Have chitin in their cell walls Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats

Chytridium growing on spores

2/29/2012

Chytriomyces growing on pine pollen 13

Zygomycota zygote fungi

Sexual Reproduction zygosporangia Asexual reprod. common (sporangia bags of asexual spores) Hyphae have no cross walls Grow rapidly
Water mold, potato blight

Includes Decomposers, pathogens. Ex Rhizopus

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio Rhizopus on strawberries 14

Ascomycota sac fungi

Sexual Reproduction asci Asex. Reprod. common Cup fungi, morels, truffles Important plant parasites & saprobes Yeast - Saccharomyces Decomposers, pathogens, and found in most lichens

2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio A cluster of asci with spores inside 15

Basidiomycota club fungi

basidospores

Sexual Reproduction basidia Asexual reprod not so common Rusts & smuts plant parasites Mushrooms Enzymes decompose wood, leaves, and other organic materials. 2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio
Rust infecting a Leaf16 Smut digesting old wood

Yeast 2) Occur in the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes & Zygomycetes Unicellular fungi Reproduce by budding In culture it resembles spherical and colonies like bacteria .
ex- cryptococcus neoformans

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

17

Yeast like fungi

Unicellular fungi Reproduce by budding and fission In culture sometimes resembles spherical or oval with sometimes filamentous ex- candida albicans

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

18

Filamentous fungi
Composed of hyphae which may be multicelled or septate Reproduction both through sexually and asexually In culture looks like granular,thread like filamentous hyphae which may septate/aseptate septate ex-Aspergillus fumigatus Aseptate-ex-zygomycetes
2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio 19

Thermally dimorphic fungi

In culture appears spherical like yeast at 37rc ex-coccidioides immitis and Filamentous at 22-25rc

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

20

3)

Classification On the basis of size

*MACROFUNGI/ MACROMYCETES - mushroom

*MICROFUNGI/ MICROMYCETES - yeast - mould

Zygomycete Fungi produces the fruiting bodies on surface of bred

21

PHYSIOLOGY OF FUNGI
The growth of fungi as hyphae on solid substrates for efficient extraction of nutrients. They can exert large penetrative mechanical forces; for example, the plant pathogen magnaporthe forms structure called an appressorium grisea which generates pressure which is a physiological process that increase intracellular turgon by producing osmolyte such as glycerol on plant epidermis for feeding. The filamentous fungus paecilomyces uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

22

Contd
Morphological adaptations hydrolytic enzymessecreted to digest large organic molecules like lipids ,proteins fungi grow in a polar fashioni.e., by extension into one direction or by volume expansion. fruiting bodies for disposal of sexual spores. fungi are considered heterotrophs organisms.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

23

 Fungi have a high degree of metabolic versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate,ammonia,acetate,ethanol etc

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

24

Nutrition Sources of fungus:

Carbon from organic materials Nitrogen - Organic (pepton) - Inorganic (ammonium & nitrate) Mineral (P, K, Mg) macro element Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn micro element from substrate Vitamin synthesis on their bioactivities / not from substrate ex/ thiamine & biotin Water- Grow well Grow in medium with intense sugar or salt 2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio 25

How do Fungi get their fungal cells Nutrition?

Heterotrophs secrete digestive exoenzymes absorb digested material from cell predators paralyzing prey plant cell parasites membrane feeding on living creatures decomposer breakdown dead remains
-Some fungi secrete toxins that make foods poisonous -Fusarium Vomitoxin -Aspergillus flavus - Aflatoxin
plant cell wall plant cell

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

26

Food mushrooms Used to make cheese Blue Cheese Used to make wine, beer, and whiskey (Yeast) Used to make bread rise Used to make soy sauce from soy beans Used to break down materials and recycle wastes and dead organisms Used to make certain drugs (ex. Penicillin)

Helpful Fungi

Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibite growth

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

27

Harmful Fungus
Cause food spoilage Cause plant disease such as rusts, Dutch Elm Disease, and mildew Cause Human diseases such as Ring Worm, Athletes Foot, Thrush, lung Infections, and Yeast Infections Destroy leather, fabrics, plastics, etc.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

28

Research works
Special issue: Physiology and Systems Biology of the Fungal Cell by Steven D. Harrissharri,Center for Plant Science Innovation and Dept of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

29

SUMMARY

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

30

REFERENCES
Textbook of microbiology by Ananthnarayana and Paniker Moderns abc of biology by B.B Arora. www.wikipedia.com www.estechlab.com/mold-and-fungi/fungal-glossary) Essential of medical microbiology by Rajesh bhatia and Ratanlal lchhpujani.

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

31

conclusion
Knowledge of classification of different types of fungi helps us to differentiate. -harmful -useful fingi. By the physiology we can know that how the fungi feed,what are their nutrition sources ,

2/29/2012

fungi classi & physio

32

Thank you all

2/29/2012 fungi classi & physio 33