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The stomodeum is lined with ectoderm. It is separated from the blind upper end of the foregut by bucco-pharyngeal membrane. This membrane ruptures at about 27 days.
Most of the C.T. cells underlying the oral ectoderm are neural crest cells or ectomesenchyme in origin.
Each tooth develops from a tooth germ that forms from the lining of the oral cavity.
Developmental Stages
Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage
Bud Stage
Cap Stage
E. navel
Bell Stage
Early Late (advanced)
The enamel organ is supported by a basal lamina around its periphery. The outer enamel epithelial cells are cuboidal and have a high nuclear / cytoplasmic ratio (little cytoplasm).
Their cytoplasm contains: (1) free ribosomes, (2) few endoplasmic reticulum, (3) some mitochondria, and (4) a few scattered tonofilaments. Adjacent cells are joined by junctional complexes.
The stellate reticulum cells are connected to each other, to the cells of the outer enamel epithelium, and to stratum intermedium by desmosomes. Their cytoplasm contains all the usual cytoplasmic organelles, but these are sparsely distributed.
The cells of the stratum intermedium are connected to each other and to the cells of the stellate reticulum and inner enamel epithelium by desmosomes. Their cytoplasm also contains the usual complement of organelles and tonofilaments.
The inner enamel epithelial cells have a centrally placed nucleus and a cytoplasm that contains: (1) Free ribosomes. (2) A few scattered rough endoplasmic reticulum. (3) Mitochondria evenly dispersed. (4) Some tonofilaments. (5) A Golgi complex situated towards the stratum intermedium. (6) A high glycogen content.
Before forming the first dentin, cells of the enamel organ and, in particular, those of the inner enamel epithelium receive nourishment from two sources: 1. Blood vessels located in the dental papilla. 2. Vessels situated along the periphery of the outer enamel epithelium.
When the dentin is formed, it cuts off the papillary source of nutrients. This occurs at a time when the cells of the inner enamel epithelium are about to secrete enamel.
An apparent collapse of the stellat reticulum will occur and the ameloblasts will be approximated to the blood vessels lying outside the outer enamel epithelium.
Both dentinogenesis and amelogenesis have begun. Note collapse of the stellate reticulum & folding of IEE.
Until this point the ameloblasts meet their metabolic requirements by: 1. Using the glycogen stored in their cytoplasm, and 2. Probably also by using some of the extracellular components of the stellat reticulum.
Epithelial- ectomesenchymal inductive interaction during normal odontogenesis lead to: 1. Cytodifferentiation of dentin and enamel forming cells, as well as 2. To subsequent dental hard tissue formation.
1. 2. 3. 4.
It has been demonstrated that extracellular matrix composed of: Collagen, Glycoproteins, Glycosaminoglycans, and Additional macro-molecules may represent an important factor in mediating developmental events of odontogenesis by inducing an organizing influence between epithelial and ectomesenchyme.
(Disintegrated)
Fragmentation of the dental lamina results in the formation of discrete cluster of epithelial cells that normally degenerate and are resorbed.
If any persist, they may form small cysts (eruption cysts) over the developing tooth and delay eruption.
Some investigators prefer the term dental organ instead of enamel organ because:
1. It is responsible for determining the shape of the crown. 2. Initiating dentin formation. 3. Establishing the dentogingival junction. 4. Forming enamel.
Vestibular Lamina
Labial and buccal to the dental lamina another epithelial thickening develops independently and somewhat later. It is the vestibular lamina (lip furrow band).
Vestibular lamina
It subsequently hollows and disappears and forms the oral vestibule (oral sulcus) between the alveolar portion of the jaw and the lips and cheeks.
Root Formation
Multi-rooted Teeth
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Relations
In the developing embryo a functional relationship exists between epithelium and the mesenchyme that supports it. The proper interplay between these tissues are essential for orderly development.
Therefore:
1. Teeth cannot form until ectomesenchyme establishes contact with the epithelium. 2. The shape of the tooth is determined by folding of the dental epithelium, and this folding is dictated by the mesenchyme of the dental papilla. 3. Odontoblast differentiation requires the presence of epithelium. 4. The anatomy of the dentogingival junction (attachment epithelium) is determined by its supporting connective tissue.
and the list goes on.
When cells come into contact with each other, junctional arrangements are established that can take several forms such as desmosomes, tight junction, and gap junction.
Most are concerned with adherence; but one form of junction, the gap junction, permits direct communication between cells which occurs frequently between embryonic cells of the same population.
This suggests that they likely have some role to play in development. No evidence exists, however, for the occurrence of cell-to-cell contact between epithelial and ectomesenchymal cells during early stages of tooth development. Indeed, the presence of a basal lamina (consisting of two layers; a lamina lucida and a lamina densa) between the two tissues preclude direct contact.
The basal lamina supports and binds the dental epithelium and in addition, according to some investigators, contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal communication.
Most teratogenic agents interfere with, and adversely effect, normal odontogenesis by: (1) inhibiting and retarding polysaccharide and glycoproteins synthesis, as well as (2) arresting, in general the formation of extracellular matrix.
Initiation
Tooth may develop in abnormal location (ovary or hypophysis). A lack of initiation results in anodontia (partial or complete). Abnormal initiation results in the development of single or mutiple supernumerary teeth.
Proliferation
Histodifferention
In vitamine A deficiency the ameloblasts fail to differentiate properly resulting in formation of osteodentin.
Morphodifferention
Endocrine disturbances affect the size or form of the crown if it occurs during morphodifferentiation (in utero or in the 1st year of life).
This disturbance may affect the form and size of the tooth without impairing the function of the ameloblasts or odontoblasts.
Hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism results in small clinical crown and retarded eruption.
Apposition
Disturbance during:
E. or D. hypoplasia. E. or D. hypocalcification.
1. Matrix formation
2. Mineralization