Lecture 17 - Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for Shear

November 1, 2001 CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Stirrup Design

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

Look at the shear and bending moment diagrams. The acting shear stress distribution on the beam.

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The acting stresses distributed across the cross-section.

VQ X! Ib
The shear stress acting on the rectangular beam.

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam is given as:

bh 3 VQ  Moment of Inertia I! X! 12 Ib bh h bh 2 Q max ! * ! 8 Note: The maximum 1st 2 4 moment occurs at the neutral 3 V axis (NA). X max ! * ! 1.5 X ave 2 bh

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ X! Ib

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown as:

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The shear stress acting along the beam can be described with a stress block:

Using Mohrs circle, the stress block can be manipulated to find the maximum shear and the crack formation.

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam.

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Flexural-shear crack - Starts out as a flexural crack and propagates due to shear stress.

Flexural cracks in beams are vertical (perpendicular to the tension face).

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

For deep beam the cracks are given as:

The shear cracks Inclined (diagonal) intercept crack with longitudinal bars plus vertical or inclined reinforcement.

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

For deep beam the cracks are given as:

The shear cracks fail due two modes: - shear-tension failure - shear-compression failure

Shear Strength of RC Beams without Web Reinforcement

vcz - shear in compression zone va - Aggregate Interlock forces vd = Dowel action from longitudinal bars Note: vcz increases from (V/bd) to (V/by) as crack forms. Total Resistance = vcz + vay +vd (when no stirrups are used)

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined cracking load

(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, Vw

As Vw ! bw d

restrains cracks

bw for 0.0075 e V w e 0.0025 : Vc $ 2 f cd d

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))

a e 2 deep shear spans more detail design required d a " 2 Rato has little effect d

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(4) Size of Beam Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at inclined cracking

(5) Axial Forces - Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load - Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking load (Delays flexural cracking)

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that the full flexural capacity can be developed. (desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure is brittle) - Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from widening

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Uncracked Beam Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted uncracked concrete. Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd

Vcz  Shear in compression zone Vay  Vertical component of Aggregate Interlock force Vd  Dowl Action from longitudinal bars.

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd and vs
Vs increases as cracks widen until yielding of stirrups then stirrups provide constant resistance.

Designing to Resist Shear

Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)
JVn u Vu capacity u demand
Vu ! factored shear force at section Vn ! Nominal Shear Strength J ! 0.85 shear  strength reduction factor

Vn ! Vc  Vs
Vc ! Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete Vs ! Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcement

Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
Minimum Shear Reinforcement: (11.5.5) 1 Re quired when Vu u J Vc 2 Except

a Slabs & Footings b Concrete Joist Construction

(defined 8.11)

10" c Beams with h e larger of 2.5 t f b 1/2 w

Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
bw s Av min ! 50 fy
Note:

b w , s in inches

(provides additional 50 psi of shear strength)

f y e 60000 psi for stirrups.
f c for
f ct ! splitting tensile strength

1 Vc for Lightweight  can substitute f ct / 6.7 e

fc

concrete (11.2) 2 can substitute 0.75 f for c

f c for all - lightweight concrete f c for standard weight concrete

or can substitute 0.85 f c for

Typical Shear Reinforcement

Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of members (minimum labor - more material)
Vs ! Av f y d sin E  cosE s Av f y d s (ACI eqn 11 - 15)

E ! 90; Vs !

Typical Shear Reinforcement

Bent Bars (more labor minimum material) see reqd in 11.5.6
Av f y d sin 45  cos 45 s 1.41Av f y d s (ACI 11 - 5.6)

Vs !

E ! 45; Vs !

Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Vs based on assumption stirrups yield

Stirrups must be well anchored. Refer to Sec. 12.12 of ACI 318 for development of web reinforcement. Requirements:
- each bend must enclose a long bar - # 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o - #6, #7,#8(fy = 40 ksi) - #6, #7,#8(fy > 40 ksi) standard hook plus a min embedment

Also sec. 7.11 requirement for min. stirrups in beams with compression reinforcement, beams subject to stress reversals, or beams subject to torsion

Design Procedure for Shear

(1) Calculate Vu (2) Calculate JVc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force) (3) Check If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4) 1 is Vu u JVc p If no, done. 2

Design Procedure for Shear

1 (4) If JVc e Vu e JVc , provide minimum 2 shear reinforcement

bw s Av min ! 50 fy
Also: (Done)

Av f ys or smax ! for min Av 50bw

smax

d e e 24" 2

11.5.4

Design Procedure for Shear

(5)

If Vu u JVc , p calulate Vs (req' d) Vu e JVn ! JVc  JVs Vu JVs ! Vu  JVc Vs !  Vc J

Check:

Vs e 8 f cdw d b

otherwise, illegal 11.5.4

Design Procedure for Shear

(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength) Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups

se

Av f ys d Vs Av f ys 50bw

from 11 - 15

(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)

smax !

Design Procedure for Shear

(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4) d b If Vs e 4 f cdw d p smax e e 24" 2 d b If Vs u 4 f cdw d p smax e e 12" 4 b Note : If Vs u 8 f cdw d illegal (9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8 Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup spacing is 4 inches.

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

Non-pre-stressed members:

Compression fan carries load directly into support.

Sections located less than a distance d from face of support may be designed for same shear, Vu, as the computed at a distance d.

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression into the end regions of the member 2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from face of support .

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

Compression from support at bottom of beam tends to close crack at support

Example: Design of Stirrups to Resist Shear

fc = 4000 psi fy = 60 ksi wsdl =1.2 k/ft wll= 1.8 k/ft fys = 40 ksi wb = 0.5 k/ft

From flexural design:

will use either a #3 or #4 stirrup