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Volcanism
18
18.1 Volcanoes
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Subduction zones: oceanic crust is pushed down into the mantle As the crust descends, magma forms Magma moves upward because it is less dense Usually oceanic continental boundaries Explosive erruptions
18.1 Volcanoes
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Magma rises through the ridge created when the lithosphere pulls apart.
-not explosive
18.1 Volcanoes
Hot Spot Volcanoes
occur within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries. Unusually hot regions of Earths mantle where plumes of magma rise to the surface Many under the ocean: Hawaiian islands punch holes through crust as the plate moves, creating chains of volcanoes (see p. 503)
18.1 Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Anatomy of a Volcano (p. 505) Volcano: mountain formed of solidified layers of lava Describe each of the following parts of a volcano and label them on a drawing. Conduit Vent Crater Caldera Also, label lava and pyroclastic material (ejected lava that has hardened)
18.1 Volcanoes
3 Types of Volcanoes (p. 506-507)
Shield Cinder cone Composite
18.1 Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes
-broad, gently sloping volcanoes built from fluid basaltic lavas -non-explosive eruptions create gentle slope
Shield Volcanoes
18.1 Volcanoes
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Eruptions eject small pieces of magma into the air called tephra The tephra piles up around the vent Steep sides and small
Cinder Cones
Composite Cones
Mount St. Helens Before and After the May 18, 1980, Eruption
18.2 Volcanoes
Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
Composition of the magma Temperature of the magma Dissolved gases in the magma
Viscosity
Viscosity is the measure of a material's resistance to flow.
Magma Composition
Gases
One to 5 percent of magma by weight Mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide
Formed by collapse
Size exceeds one kilometer in diameter
Sills
Sill
Batholiths