The Tissue Level of Organization

4 Tissues of the Human Body

Epithelial Connective Muscular
Nervous/Neural Tissues are collections of cells & cell products that perform specific, limited functions

Epithelial Tissue
Covers exposed surfaces Lines internal passageways Forms glands

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

1. Cellularity (cell junctions) (pg. 109) junctions) 2. Polarity (apical & basal surfaces) (pg. 108) 3. Attachment (basal lamina) lamina) 4. Avascularity (lack blood vessels) 5. Regeneration (short life)

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

1. Provide physical protection
-Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)

2. Control permeability
-Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)

3. Provide sensation 4. Produce specialized secretions

POLARITY
Organelles are not evenly distributed

apical & basolateral (basal) surfaces

Figure 41

Increasing Surface Area Microvilli increase absorption or secretion Cilia (ciliated epithelium) move fluids

Classes of Epithelia
Based on shape & layers (Pg. 111)
Squamous: flat Squamous: Cuboidal: square Cuboidal: Columnar: tall Columnar:

1 layer of cells

2 + layer of cells

Squamous Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelia: Epithelia:
Examples:
Mesothelium: Mesothelium: lines body cavities Endothelium: Endothelium: lines heart & blood vessels

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Examples:
Skin, lining of throat, anus, vagina

Cuboidal Epithelia
Simple cuboidal epithelia:
Examples:
Kidney tubules, thyroid gland

Stratified cuboidal epithelia:

Examples:
Sweat glands, mammary glands

Transitional Epithelium
Functions:
Allows for expansion & recoil after stretching

Examples:
Urinary bladder
Figure 44c

 Simple columnar: columnar:

Examples:
Intestinal lining

Columnar Epithelia

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar: columnar:

Functions:
cilia movement

Examples:
Trachea
Figure 45b

Stratified columnar: columnar:

Examples:
Salivary gland duct

Figure 46

Glandular Epithelia
Endocrine glands:
Release hormones into interstitial fluid

Exocrine glands
Produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts

Figure 47

Epithelial Tissue Warm-up Warm What are the 3 shapes of ET? What kind of tissue is in the picture to the right? What function would this ET have for the body?

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Basal Lamina= connects Lamina= epithelium to the rest of body Bone = structure Fat = storage of energy Blood= transports materials Blood=

Connective tissue characteristics

Extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers & ground (fibers substance): substance): matrix
Makes up majority of cell volume Not exposed to outside environment Highly vascular with many sensory receptors

Classification of Connective Tissues

Connective tissue proper (CTP): (CTP): (fat/tendons) connect & protect Fluid connective tissues: (blood/lymph) tissues: transport Supportive connective tissues: tissues: (cartilage/bone) structural strength

Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)

(Pg. 119)

8 Cell Types of CTP

Fibroblasts Macrophages Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes Mast cells Lymphocytes Microphages

Divide the back of your CTP diagram into 12 even spaces1 line vertically down the center & 5 spaces1 lines horizontally across

Fibroblasts
Most abundant cell type:
found in all CTP secrete proteins & hyaluronan (cellular cement)

Macrophages
Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune amoebasystem: eat pathogens & damaged cells -fixed macrophages - stay in tissue -free macrophages - migrate

Adipocytes
Fat cells:
each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Mesenchymal Cells
Stem cells that respond to injury or fibroblasts, infection by differentiating into fibroblasts, macrophages, macrophages, etc.

Melanocytes
Synthesize & store the brown pigment melanin

Mast Cells
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection:
release histamine & heparin

Basophils are mast cells carried by blood

Lymphocytes Specialized immune cells in lymphatic system:

e.g., plasma cells which produce antibodies

Microphages
Phagocytic blood cells that respond to signals from macrophages & mast cells e.g., neutrophils & eosinophils

Fibers in CTP
Collagen fibers:
most common fibers in CTP long, straight & unbranched strong & flexible resists force in 1 direction e.g., tendons & ligaments

Fibers in CTP
Reticular fibers:
network of interwoven fibers (stroma) strong & flexible resists force in many directions stabilizes functional cells & structures e.g., sheaths around organs

Fibers in CTP Elastic fibers:

contain elastin branched & wavy return to original length after stretching e.g., elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Ground Substance Ground substance: substance:

Clear, colorless & viscous Fills spaces between cells & slows pathogens

Loose Connective Tissues

Packing materials of the body 3 types in adults:
areolar adipose reticular

Tissue Warm-up Warm What are the 4 major tissues of the body? Give a specific example or location of Connective Tissue? Muscular Tissue? Epithelial Tissue? What is a major function of Epithelial Tissue? What are the 3 subcategories of CT? Cartilage is an example of which subcategories of CT?

Areolar Tissue
Least specialized (found in many (found places of body) body) Open framework Viscous ground substance Elastic fibers Holds blood vessels & capillary beds: e.g., under skin (subcutaneous layer) Shots are given in this area

Adipose Tissue
Contains many adipocytes (fat cells) Energy storage, heat/insulation, padding under epithelial tissue & around organs

Figure 410a

Reticular Tissue
Provides support Complex, 3-dimensional network 3Supportive fibers (stroma): (stroma): Reticular organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrow

Figure 410b

Dense Connective Tissue

Aka: dense fibrous tissue Has high quantity of collagen fibers within the matrix Forms strong, rope-like ropestructures such as tendons & ligaments
Tendons: Attach skeletal Tendons: muscle to bones Ligaments: Connect bones Ligaments: to bones at joints

Fluid Connective Tissues

blood & lymph
watery matrix of dissolved proteins

Fluid Tissue Transport Systems

Cardiovascular system (blood):
arteries capillaries veins venules

Lymphatic system (lymph):

lymphatic vessels

Supportive Connective Tissues

Support soft tissues & body weight:
Cartilage: Cartilage:
gel-type ground substance gel for shock absorption & protection

Bone (Osseous tissue): tissue):

calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) combo of osteocytes (bone cells) for weight support

Bone Also called osseous tissue: tissue:

deposits) strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits) (calcified: resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers) fibers)

Muscle Tissue

(See page 133) 133)

Specialized for contraction Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, & walls of hollow organs 3 Types:
Skeletal muscle: muscle: large body muscles responsible for movement Cardiac muscle: muscle: found only in the heart Smooth muscle: muscle: found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts)
http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19917.jpg

Skeletal Muscle
Striated, voluntary & multinucleated Skeletal muscle cells:
are long & thin are usually called muscle fibers do not divide new fibers are produced by stem cells (satellite cells) cells)

Figure 418a

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Striated, involuntary & single nucleus Cardiac muscle cells:
are called cardiocytes form branching networks connected at intercalated disks are regulated by pacemaker cells

Figure 418b

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Nonstriated, involuntary & single nucleus Smooth muscle cells:
are small & tapered can divide & regenerate

Figure 418c

Neural Tissue
Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to another Also called nervous or nerve tissue: tissue:
specialized for conducting electrical impulses rapidly senses internal or external environment process information and controls responses

Central Nervous System

Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system: system: brain spinal cord

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/64910.JPG

2 Kinds of Neural Cells

1. Neurons: Neurons:
nerve cells perform electrical communication Parts of a Neuron:

http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif

Cell body: body: contains the nucleus & nucleolus Dendrites: Dendrites: short branches extending from the cell body receive incoming signals Axon (nerve fiber): fiber): long, thin extension of the cell body carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

2 Kinds of Neural Cells 2. Neuroglia: Neuroglia:

support cells repair & supply nutrients to neurons

Nerve Tissue

Lets make sense of Let what you saw! Spinal cord ganglion Motor nerve tissue

Gray matter = cell body & dendrites

White matter = axons

Tissue Injuries & Repair

Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis Cells restore homeostasis with 2 processes:
inflammation
trauma (physical injury) infection (the presence of harmful
pathogens)

regeneration

Inflammation
The tissues first response to injury tissue Signs of inflammatory response include: swelling redness heat pain

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Image448.gif

Steps for Inflammation Response

1. Damaged cells release chemical signals into surrounding interstitial fluid:
prostaglandins proteins potassium ions

2. As cells break down:

lysosomes release enzymes destroy the injured cell attack surrounding tissues (necrosis) necro - death necrosis) necro

3. Necrotic tissues & cellular debris (pus) accumulate in wound (pus)

Steps for Inflammation Response

4. Injury stimulates Mast cells to release:
histamine heparin prostaglandins dilate surrounding blood vessels

5. Dilation of blood vessels:

increases blood circulation in area causes warmth & redness brings more nutrients & O2 to area removes wastes

6. Plasma diffuses into the area:

causing swelling & pain

7. Phagocytic white blood cells:

clean up the area

Regeneration
When the injury or infection is cleaned up:
healing (regeneration) begins (regeneration)
Fibroblasts move into necrotic area:
lay down collagen fibers to bind the area together (scar tissue) (scar tissue)

New cells migrate into area or are produced by Mesenchymal cells Not all tissues can regenerate:
epithelia & connective tissues regenerate well cardiac cells & neurons do NOT regenerate