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INTRODUCTION
Most common cyanotic congenital heart defect The main causes of blue baby syndrome in neonates Usually occurs due to a primary malformation resulting in a cascade of effects that lead to other malformations Many variations in malformationsevery case is unique, but the classic anomalies remain the same.
HISTORY
First observed and described by Steno of Denmark in 1673 Further elaborated by Sandifort in 1773 in a 12 year old boy so meticulously that Willis(1948) wanted the disease named as Tetralogy of Sandifort Named after French physician Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot who referred to it as maladie bleue and focused on the frequency of the disorder in cyanotic infants in various research papers in 1888
One of the most frequently occurring congenital heart disease. 3.5 8 % of all congenital anomalies in the western world 4.6% of all congenital anomalies in India; 21% of all congenital heart diseases. Occurs approximately 1 in every 1000 live births Slightly more common in males than females
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Preoperative diagnosis (n=100). ASD, Atrial Septal Defect; DORV, Double Outlet Right Ventricle; PDA, Patent Ductus Arteriosus; TGA, Transposition of great arteries; TOF, Tetralogy of Fallot; VSD, Ventricular Septal Defect.
Kasar P A et al. Heart Asia 2011;3:135-139
AETIOLOGY
Attributed to environmental or genetic factors or a combination of both Mainly associated with a chromosome 22q11 micro-deletion (DiGeorge syndrome). Associated with Down syndrome, Alagille syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, VACTERL syndrome. Predisposing factors advanced maternal age; diabetic mother; maternal alcoholism(foetal alcohol syndrome); rubella or other viral disorders during pregnancy; poor maternal nutrition; exposure to radiation; modern lifestyle in itself.
EMBRYOLOGICAL BASIS
Mainly occurs due to defective anterior deviation of the twisting of the truncus arteriosus This leads to less than 180 rotation of conotruncal septum resulting in anterior malaignment of membranous portion of interventricular septum.
EMBRYOLOGIAL BASIS
Prior to Septation = 5th week of embryonic development Post Septation = 9th week of embryonic development
EMBRYOLOGICAL BASIS
May also occur due to the unequal division of the cardiac outflow tract due to malpositioning of the conotruncal ridges, resulting in large aorta and small pulmonary artery.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
severity.
The aorta, the main artery carrying blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system, exits the heart from a position overriding the right and left ventricles. An aortic valve with biventricular connection, that is, it is situated above the ventricular septal defect and connected to both the right and the left ventricle. The degree to which the aorta is attached to the right ventricle is referred to as its degree of "override." The aortic root can be displaced toward the front (anteriorly) or directly above the septal defect, but it is always abnormally located to the right of the root of the pulmonary artery. The degree of override is quite variable, with 5-95% of the valve being connected to the right ventricle.
Overriding Aorta
DIAGNOSIS
Physical examination: 1. Normal S1 and single loud S2 secondary to a more anteriorly located aorta 2. Systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border secondary to RVOTO
DIAGNOSIS
Chest radiograph: Right aortic arch (30%), decreased pulmonary vascular markings, bootshaped heart (coeur en sabot) with concave main pulmonary artery (PA) segment
DIAGNOSIS
Electrocardiography: Right axis deviation (+90180), RVH
Echocardiography: Anterior malalignment VSD, infundibular stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH. May also see: Other (muscular) VSDs, valvular pulmonary stenosis and/or branch PA stenosis, abnormal (right-sided) aortic arch anatomy, coronary artery anomalies
DIAGNOSIS
This still frame of a modified parasternal long axis view demonstrates the large ventricular septal defect, aortic override, and right ventricular hypertrophy charactistic of patients with tetralogy of Fallot.
This still frame image of a parasternal short axis view of the echocardiogram of a patient with tetralogy of Fallot demonstrates the antero-cephalad deviation of the outlet septum into the right ventricular outflow tract.
DIAGNOSIS
Cardiac catheterization: Generally not indicated unless concern is present regarding branch PA anatomy, coronary anatomy, or multiple additional VSDs that need to be defined before surgery
TREATMENT
Emergency management of Tet spell 1. Knee-chest position 2. Oxygen(100%) 3. Morphine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg IV or IM) 4. IV fluid bolus and/or NaHCO 5. Beta-blocker (esmolol infusion for immediate therapy, propranolol for long-term prophylaxis) 6. Phenylephrine (0.02 mg/kg IV) Preoperative Palliative 1. Polycythemia: Oral iron supplement for iron deficiency to avoid microcytosis 2. Beta-blocker for tet spell prophylaxis 3. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) prophylaxis BlalockTaussig systemicpulmonary shunt Surgery Corrective VSD patch closure and right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (either an RV-to-PA conduit or a patched reconstruction of the MPA segment)
Complications1. Right ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia 2. Postoperative sudden death (ventricular arrhythmias and/or complete heart block) 3. Exercise intolerance and dyspnea due to severe RV dilatation/dysfunction in the setting of PI
Knee-chest position.
Placing the child in the knee-chest position either lying supine or over the parents shoulder
Blalock-Taussig shunt
PROGNOSIS
Generally good if condition treated surgically in a timely manner: >90% of children with TOF are expected to survive to adulthood. Surgical mortality is low in most centers: 5-year survival >95%, 20-year survival ~94% Long-term quality of life in adulthood is comparable with that of the general population. Young patients with TOF have a greater risk of requiring additional help in school. Residual hemodynamic abnormalities are quite common Pulmonary insufficiency (PI) is common with transannular patch repair: Residual RVOTO(residual right ventricular outflow track obstruction) may occur. Right ventricular dysfunction +/ ventricular arrhythmias in adulthood from right ventricular volume overload secondary to PI In the setting of severe RV dysfunction and dilatation due to severe PI, some patients require surgical revision of the right ventricular outflow tract in adolescence or adulthood Left PA stenosis Residual VSD occurs rarely Conduction abnormalities (e.g., complete heart block, right bundle branch block [RBBB]) Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias
Schoenwolf G.C., Bleryl S.B., Brauer P.R., Francis-West P.H. Development of the heart. In Larsens Human Embryology,4th ed. Gray S.W., Skandalakis J.E. The Heart. In Embryology for surgeons: the embryological basis for the treatment of congenital defects,3rd ed. Bailliard F., Anderson R.H. Tetralogy of Fallot: A Review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2009, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 Pankajkumar A.K., Raghavan Nair S.K., Vellappillil R.K. 3:135-139 doi.
REFERNCES
Somatic growth following congenital heart surgery in economically underprivileged children. Heart Asia 2011;
Tetralogy of Fallot. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopaedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Tetrallogy of Fallot: An Overview eMedicine.