Cycles and Components

Elementary Thermodynamic Cycle and Components

9.1. Power and Refrigeration Cycle

9.2. Rankine Cycle

9.3. Reheat and Regeneration

9.4. Brayton Cycle

9.5. Regeneration and Reheating in Brayton Cycle

9.6. Jet Propulsion Cycle

9.7. Otto, Diesel and Stirling Cycle

9.8. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

9.9. Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

9.10. Combined Power and Refrigeration Cycle

Comparison of shaft work and
boundary-movement work
9.1 Power and Refrigeration Cycle
Power and Refrigeration Cycle

Four-process power cycle

Net work is the same for two different cycles, one
made of four SSSF devices and the other made of
four cylinder/piston devices.
Heat Engine (Power Cycle)

(1) Modes of Work
-SSSF devices involving shaft work,
e.g. Rankine, Brayton cycles
-Cylinder/piston devices involving boundary
movement work,
e.g. Otto, Diesel, Stirling cycles

(2) Working Fluid
-Single phase : e.g. Brayton, Otto, Diesel, Stirling
-Two phase : e.g. Rankine

Refrigerator or Heat Pump (Refrigeration Cycle)
Reverse of a power cycle
w vdP =
}
w Pdv =
}

Closed Cycle Open Cycle
Rankine Cycle (Two-phase Power Cycle)

Simple steam power plant which
operates on the Rankine cycle
9.2 Rankine Cycle
Rankine Cycle
1-2: Reversible adiabatic pumping (pump)
2-3: Constant pressure heat addition (boiler)
3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion (turbine)
4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection (condenser)

Heat and work may be represented by various areas
in the T-s diagram. PE and KE negligible.

Carnot Cycle;
Pumping of two-phase mixture difficult !!
Superheating at dropping pressure difficult !!

-> Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle that can be
approximated in practice
Rankine Cycle

depends on the avg T at which heat is added
and the avg T at which heat is rejected.

th
q
'
'
1 2 2 3 4 1
2 2 3
net
th
H
area
W
q
area a b a
q

= =

Rankine Cycle
Example 9.1
Determine the efficiency of a Rankine cycle using steam
as the working fluid in which the condenser pressure is
10kPa. The boiler pressure is 2MPa. The steam leaves
the boiler as saturated vapor.
In solving Rankine-cycle problems, we let w
p
denote
the work into the pump per kilogram of fluid flowing,
and q
L
the heat rejected from the working fluid per
kilogram of fluid flowing.
To solve this problem we consider, in succession, a
control surface around the pump, the boiler, the turbine,
and the condenser. For each the thermodynamic model
is the steam tables, and the process is SSSF with
negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies.
Rankine Cycle
Control volume: Pump.
Inlet state: P
1
known, saturated liquid; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
known.
( )
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
2 1
2
2.0 /
193.8 /
p
p
w h h
s s
h h vdP
w v P P kJ kg
h kJ kg
=
=
=
= =
=
}
Rankine Cycle
Control volume: Boiler.
Inlet state: P
2
, h
2
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
3
known, saturated vapor; state fixed.

Control volume: Turbine.
Inlet state: state 3 known.
Exit state: P
4
known.
3 2
2605.7 /
H
q h h kJ kg = =
3 4
3 4 4
4
4
6.3409 0.6493 7.5009
0.7588
2007.5 /
792.0 /
t
t
w h h
s s x
x
h kJ kg
w kJ kg
=
= = = +
=
=
=
Rankine Cycle
Control volume: Condenser.
Inlet state: State 4 known.
Exit state: State 1 known.

4 1
1815.7 /
30.3%
L
t p
net H L
th
H H H
q h h kJ kg
w w
w q q
q q q
q
= =
= = = =
Rankine Cycle
Effect of P and T on the Rankine Cycle

Effect of exhaust pressure
on Rankine cycle efficiency

-> Increase in
Increase in moisture of turbine
th
q
Rankine Cycle

Effect of superheating on Rankine cycle efficiency

-> Increase in
Quality of steam leaving the turbine increases.
th
q
Rankine Cycle

Effect of boiler pressure on Rankine cycle efficiency

Max T, Exhaust P : constant
Max P increase -> Increase in
Quality of the steam leaving the
turbine decreases.
th
q
Rankine Cycle

Reheat

Ideal reheat cycle
9.3 Reheat and Regeneration
Reheat and Regeneration
To achieve a higher boiler pressure and a higher
quality at the turbine exit at the fixed max T

-> Little gain in
Decrease in the moisture content from turbine
th
q
Example 9.3
Consider a reheat cycle utilizing steam. Steam leaves the
boiler and enters the turbine at 4MPa, 400C. After
expansion in the turbine to 400kPa, the steam is reheated
to 400C and then expanded in the low-pressure turbine
to 10kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency.
For each control volume analyzed, the thermodynamic
model is steam tables, the process is SSSF, and changes
in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.

Control volume: High-pressure turbine.
Inlet state: P
3
, T
3
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
4
known.

3 4
3 4
3
3
4 4
4
4
3213.6 /
6.7690 /
1.7766 5.1193
0.9752
2685.6 /
h p
w h h
s s
h kJ kg
s kJ kg
s x
x
h kJ kg
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
Control volume: Low-pressure turbine.
Inlet state: P
5
, T
5
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
6
known.

5 6
5 6
5
5
6 6
6
6
3273.4 /
7.8985 /
0.6493 7.5009
0.9664
2504.3 /
1297.1 /
l p
t
w h h
s s
h kJ kg
s kJ kg
s x
x
h kJ kg
w kJ kg
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
=
Control volume: Pump.
Inlet state: P
1
known,saturated liquid; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
known.

( )
2 1
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
1
2
4.0 /
195.8 /
p
p
w h h
s s
h h vdP v P P
w kJ kg
h kJ kg
=
=
= =
=
=
}
Inlet state: State 2 and 4 both known.
Exit state: State 3 and 5 both known.
( ) ( )
3 2 5 4
3605.6 /
1293.1 /
35.9%
H
net t p
net
th
H
q h h h h kJ kg
w w w kJ kg
w
q
q
= + =
= =
= =
Regeneration

T-s diagram showing the relationship between
Carnot cycle efficiency and Rankine cycle efficiency

(Rankine) < (Carnot) due to the area, 1122 th
q
th
q

Ideal regenerative cycle

(Rankine) = (Carnot) w/ reversible heat transfer

-> Impractical heat transfer from turbine
Moisture content from turbine
th
q
th
q

Regenerative cycle with an open feedwater heater

Open Feedwater:
Less expensive
Requires a pump between each heater

Schematic arrangement for
a closed feedwater heater

Arrangement of regenerative feedwater
heaters in an actual power plant
Most powerplants combine one reheat stage with a
number of extraction stages, though rarely more
than 5.

Example 9.4
Consider a regenerative cycle using steam as the
working fluid. Steam leaves the boiler and enters the
turbine at 4MPa, 400C. After expansion to 400kPa,
some of the steam is extracted from the turbine for
the purpose of heating the feedwater in an open
feedwater heater. The pressure in the feedwater
heater is 400kPa and the water leaving it is saturated
liquid at 400kPa. The steam not extracted expands
to 10kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency.

Process: SSSF.

Control volume: Low-pressure pump.
Inlet state: P
1
Exit state: P
2
known.
5
6
7
1
3213.6 /
2685.6 /
2144.1 /
191.8 /
h kJ kg
h kJ kg
h kJ kg
h kJ kg
=
=
=
=
( )
1 2 1
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
1
p
w h h
s s
h h vdP v P P
=
=
= =
}

Inlet state: P
5
, T
5
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
6
known; P
7
known.

( )
1 2 1
2 1
0.4 /
192.2 /
p
p
w v P P kJ kg
h h w kJ kg
= =
= + =
( ) ( )( )
5 6 1 6 7
5 6 7
1
t
w h h m h h
s s s
= +
= =
Control volume: Feedwater heater.
Inlet state: State 2 and 6 both known.
Exit state: P
3

Control volume: High-pressure pump.
Exit state: P
4
known.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
1 6 1 2 3
1
5 6 1 6 7
1
0.1654
1 979.9 /
t
m h m h h
m
w h h m h h kJ kg
+ =
=
= + =
2 4 3
4 3
3.9 /
p
w h h kJ kg
s s
= =
=

Inlet state: P
4
, h
4
known; state fixed.
( )
4 3 2
1 1 2
608.6 /
1 975.7 /
p
net t p p
h h w kJ kg
w w m w w kJ kg
= + =
= =
5 4
2605.0 /
37.5%
H
net
th
H
q h h kJ kg
w
q
q
= =
= =
Deviation of Actual Cycle from Ideal Cycle

Piping Loss:

Effects of losses between boiler and turbine

Pressure drop(a-b), Heat loss(b-c): Both decrease
availability of the steam.

Turbine and Pump Losses:

Effects of turbine and pump losses

Turbine: flow loss, (heat loss)

Pump: flow loss, (heat loss)

Condenser loss : cooling below T
sat
(minor)
2 1 s
p
p
h h
w
q

=
3 4
t
t
s
w
h h
q =

Cogeneration

Cogeneration system

(Process steam) + (Electricity)
Single-Phase Power Cycle
(Air-Standard Power Cycle)

Brayton cycle Shaft work, gas turbine
Otto cycle PdV work, gasoline engine
Diesel cycle PdV work, Diesel engine

IC engine with an open cycle
-> Approximation by a closed cycle
Combustion replaced by heat transfer
Fixed mass of air as the working fluid


Both Rankine and Brayton Cycles

(Two isobaric processes)
+ (Two isentropic processes)

Two phase : Rankine cycle Steam Power Plant
Single phase : Brayton cycle Gas Turbine
9.4 Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle

Gas turbine operating on the Brayton cycle
(a) open cycle
(b) closed cycle
Brayton Cycle

Air-standard Brayton cycle
Brayton Cycle
1
1
2
2
1
1
1 1
th
k
k
T
T
P
P
q

= =
| |
|
\ .
Brayton Cycle

Cycle efficiency as a function of pressure ratio
for Brayton and regenerative Brayton cycles
Brayton Cycle
Example 9.6
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the
compressor at 0.1MPa, 15C. The pressure leaving the
compressor is 1.0MPa, and the maximum temperature in
the cycle is 1000C. Determine

1. The pressure and temperature at each point in the
cycle
2. The compressor work, turbine work, and cycle
efficiency

Brayton Cycle
For each of the control volumes analyzed, the model is
ideal gas with constant specific heat, value at 300K, and
each process is SSSF with no kinetic or potential energy
changes.

Control volume: Compressor.
Inlet state: P
1
, T
1
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
known.
2 1
2 1
1
2 2
1 1
c
k
k
w h h
s s
T P
T P
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
Brayton Cycle

Inlet state: P
3
, T
3
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
4
known.
( )
1
2
1
2
2 1 2 1
1.932
556.8
269.5 /
k
k
c p
P
P
T K
w h h C T T kJ kg
| |
=
|
\ .
=
= = =
3 4
3 4
1
3 3
4 4
t
k
k
w h h
s s
T P
T P
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
Brayton Cycle

Control volume: High-temperature heat exchange.
Inlet state: state 2 fixed.
Exit state: State 3 fixed.
( )
1
3
4
4
3 4 3 4
1.932
710.8
664.7 /
395.2 /
k
k
t p
net t c
P
P
T K
w h h C T T kJ kg
w w w kJ kg
| |
=
|
\ .
=
= = =
= =
( )
3 2 3 2
819.3 /
H p
q h h C T T kJ kg = = =
Brayton Cycle
Control volume: Low-temperature heat exchange.
Inlet state: state 4 fixed.
Exit state: State 1 fixed.
( )
4 1 4 1
424.1 /
48.2%
L p
net
th
H
q h h C T T kJ kg
w
q
q
= = =
= =
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle

In an actual gas turbine the max. temperature of the
gas ent er i ng t he t ur bi ne i s f i xed by mat er i al
considerations.

Large amount of compressor work vs that of turbine
work (40~80%)
-> due to difference in specific volumes

cf. Rankine cycle (1~2% for pumping work)
Brayton Cycle
Gas Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator

Ideal regenerative cycle
9.5 Regeneration and Reheating in
Brayton Cycle
Regeneration and Reheating in Brayton Cycle
In general

For an ideal regenerator

,

In contrast to the Brayton cycle, decreases with
an increase in the pressure ratio for the cycle with a
regenerator.
th
q
1
1 2
3 1
1
k
k
th
T P
T P
q

| |
=
|
\ .
4 2
T T <
4 x
T T =
2 y
T T =
Efficiency of a Regenerator

T-s diagram to illustrate definition
of the regenerator efficiency
2
'
2
x
reg
x
h h
h h
q

=

Ideal gas-turbine cycle using multistage
compression with intercooling, multistage
expansion with reheating, and a regenerator

Reversible Adiabatic Process (Compressor, Turbine)
-> Reversible Isothermal Process (Ericsson Cycle)


Ideal gas-turbine cycle utilizing
intercooling, reheat and a regenerator
Multistage Compression with Intercooling
Multistage Expansion with Reheating

T-s diagram that shows how the gas-turbine cycle
with many stages approaches the Ericsson cycle
Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion

Ideal gas-turbine for a jet engine

(Brayton cycle)+(Reversible adiabatic nozzle)
9.6 Jet Propulsion Cycle
Jet Propulsion Cycle
Example 9.10
Consider an ideal jet propulsion cycle in which air enters
the compressor at 0.1MPa, 15C. The pressure leaving
the compressor is 1.0MPa, and the maximum temperature
is 1100C. The air expands in the turbine to a pressure at
which the turbine work is just equal to the compressor
work. On leaving the turbine, the air expands in a nozzle
to 0.1MPa. The process is reversible and adiabatic.
Determine the velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.
The model used is ideal gas, constant specific heat, value
at 300K, and each process is SSSF with no potential
energy change. The only kinetic energy change occurs in
the nozzle.

( )
1 1
2 2
3 3
3 4
3 4 4
1
3 3
4 4
3
4
4
0.1 288.2
1.0 556.8
269.5 /
1.0 1373.2
269.5 /
268.6 1104.6
1.2432
2.142 0.4668
c
c t p
k
k
P MPa T K
P MPa T K
w kJ kg
P MPa T K
w w C T T kJ kg
T T T K
T P
T P
P
P MPa
P
= =
= =
=
= =
= = =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
Control volume: Nozzle.
Inlet state: State 4 fixed.
Exit state: P
5
known.
( )
2
5
4 5
4 5
5 5
2
5 0 4 5
2
0.1 710.8
2 889 /
p
V
h h
s s
P MPa T K
V C T T m s
= +
=
= =
= =
Otto Cycle

Air-standard Otto cycle
1 4
2 3
c
V V
r
V V
= =
1
1
1
th
k
c
r
q

=
9.7 Otto, Diesel and Stirling Cycle
Otto, Diesel and Stirling Cycle
Example 9.11
The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8.
At the beginning of the compression stroke the pressure
is 0.1MPa and the temperature is 15C. The heat transfer
to the air per cycle is 1800kJ/kg air. Determine

1. The pressure and temperature at the end of each
process of the cycle.
2. The thermal efficiency.
3. The mea effective pressure.

Control mass: Air inside cylinder.
State information: P
1
=0.1MPa, T1= 288.2K.
Process information: Four process known. Also r
v
=8
and q
H
=1800kJ/kg.
Model: Ideal gas, constant specific heat, value at
300K.
( )
2 1
1
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 3 3 2 3 2
4 3
k
k
H v
s s
T V
T V
P V
P V
q q u u C T T
s s
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
= = =
=

( )
1
3 4
4 3
3 4
4 3
1
1 2
3
1
1
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
3
2
2 3 3 2
1
1
0.827 /
2.3 662
18.38 1.838
0.1034 /
1800 /
k
k
net
th
k
v
k
k
v
T V
T V
P V
P V
w
mep
r v v
v m kg
T V
T K
T V
P V
P MPa
P V
v m kg
q C T T kJ kg
q
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
= =
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
=
= =

( )
( )
3 2 3
3 3
3
2 2
1
3 4
4
4 3
3 4
4
4 3
1
4 1 1 4
1 2
2512 3174
4.795 8.813
2.3 1380
18.38 0.4795
1
1 0.565 56.5%
782.3 /
1017.7 /
1406
k
k
th
k
v
v
net
T T T K
T P
P MPa
T P
T V
T K
T V
P V
P MPa
P V
r
q C T T kJ kg
w kJ kg v v mep
mep kPa
q
= =
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =
= =
= =
=
Diesel Cycle

Air-standard Diesel cycle

( )
1
1 1
1
1
th
k
c
r
|
q
|
=
(

3
2
V
V
| =
Example 9.12
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of
18, and the heat transferred to the working fluid per
cycle is 1800kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression
process the pressure is 0.1MPa and the temperature is
15C. Determine

1. The pressure and temperature at each point in the
cycle
2. The thermal efficiency
3. The mean effective pressure
Control mass: Air inside cylinder.
State information: P
1
=0.1MPa, T
1
=288.2K.
Process information: Four process known. Also
r
v
=18 and q
H
=1800kJ/kg.
Model: Ideal gas, constant specific heat, value at
300K.
( )
2 1
1
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 3 3 2
k
k
H p
s s
T V
T V
P V
P V
q q C T T
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
= =

( )
4 3
1
3 4
4 3
1 2
3
1
3
2
1
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
2 3 3 2
0.827 /
0.04595 /
3.1777 915.8
57.2 5.72
1800 /
k
net net
th
H
k
k
H p
s s
T V
T V
w w
mep
q v v
v m kg
v m kg
T V
T K
T V
P V
P MPa
P V
q q C T T kJ kg
q
=
| |
=
|
\ .
= =
=
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =

( )
3 2 3
3
3 3
3
2 2
1
3 4
4
4 3
4 1 1 4
1 2
1794 2710
2.959 0.13598 /
2.0588 1316
736.6 /
1063.4 /
59.1%
1362
k
L v
net
net
th
H
net
T T T K
V T
v m kg
V T
T V
T K
T V
q q C T T kJ kg
w kJ kg
w
q
w
mep kPa
v v
q
= =
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =
=
= =
= =

Comparison of Otto and Diesel Cycles

For the same and piston displacement,

For the same and ,
( )
Otto Diesel
c c
r r <
Otto Diesel
th th
q q >
Otto Diesel
th th
q q <
c
r
max
T
max
P
Stirling Cycle

Air-standard Stirling cycle

-> External combustion engine with regeneration
Cylinder/piston application with a high mep

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle

9.8 Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
Turbine replaced by a throttling device

Compressor handling vapor only
reciprocating : low specific volume
centrifugal : high specific volume

Coefficient of performance
refrigerator

heat pump

Working fluids to protect the ozone layer
CFC(R-12, Freon, etc) -> HCFC, HFC
L
C
q
W
| =
'
H
C
q
W
| =
Deviation from the Ideal Cycle

Actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
Example 9.13
Consider an ideal refrigeration cycle which uses R-12 as
the working fluid. The temperature of the refrigerant in
the evaporator is 20C and in the condenser it is 40C.
The refrigerant is circulated at the rate of 0.03kg/s.
Determine the coefficient of performance and the
capacity of the plant in rate of refrigeration.
For each control volume analyzed, the thermodynamic
model is the R-12 tables. Each process is SSSF with no
change in kinetic or potential energy.

Inlet state: T
1
known, saturated vapor; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
known(saturation pressure at T
3
).

At T
3
=40C
2 1
2 1
c
w h h
s s
=
=
2
1
1 2
2
2
2 1
0.9607
178.61 /
0.7082
50.8
211.38 /
32.77 /
g
o
c
P P MPa
h kJ kg
s s
T C
h kJ kg
w h h kJ kg
= =
=
= =
=
=
= =
Control volume: Expansion valve.
Inlet state: T
3
Exit state: T
4
known.

Control volume: Evaporator.
3 4
74.53 / h h kJ kg = =
1 4
104.08 /
3.18
3.12
L
L
c
q h h kJ kg
q
w
Capacity kW
|
= =
= =
=
Example 9.14
A refrigeration cycle utilizes R-12 as the working fluid.
Following are the properties at various points of the
Cycle.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 7 6 7
8 8
125 10
1.2 100
1.19 80
1.16 45
1.15 40
140
130 20
P kPa T C
P MPa T C
P MPa T C
P MPa T C
P MPa T C
P P kPa x x
P kPa T C
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= = =
= =

The heat transfer from R-12 during the compression
process is 4kJ/kg. Determine the coefficient of
performance of this cycle.
For each control volume, the model is the R-12
tables. Each process is SSSF with no changes in
kinetic or potential energy.

Inlet state: P
1
, T
1
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
, T
2
known; state fixed.
1 2
2 1 c
q h h w
w w h h q
+ = +
= =

Control volume: Throttling valve plus line.
Inlet state: P
5
, T
5
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
7
=P
6
known, x
7
=x
6
.

1
2
185.16 /
245.52 /
64.36 /
c
h kJ kg
h kJ kg
w kJ kg
=
=
=
5 6 7
74.53 / h h h kJ kg = = =
Control volume: Evaporator.
Inlet state: P
7
, h
7
known.
Exit state: P
8
, T
8
known; state fixed.
8 7
104.59 /
1.625
L
L
c
q h h kJ kg
q
w
|
= =
= =
Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

Ammonia-absorption refrigeration cycle
9.9 Ammonia Absorption
Refrigeration Cycle
Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle

Air-standard refrigeration cycle
Example 9.15
Consider the simple air-standard refrigeration cycle. Air
Enters the compressor at 0.1MPa, -20C, and leaves at
0.5MPa. Air enters the expander at 15C. Determine

1. The coefficient of performance for this cycle
2. The rate at which air must enter the compressor to
Provide 1kW of refrigeration

For each control volume in this example, the model is
ideal gas with constant specific heat, value at 300K, and
Each process is SSSF with no kinetic or potential energy
Changes.
Inlet state: P
1
, T
1
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
2
known.
( )
2 1
1 2
1
2 2
1 1
2
2 1 2 1
1.5845
401.2
148.5 /
c
k
k
c p
w h h
s s
T P
T P
T K
w h h C T T kJ kg
=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
= = =
Control volume: Expander.
Inlet state: P
3
(=P
2
) known, T
3
known; state fixed.
Exit state: P
4
(=P
1
) known.
3 4
3 4
1
3 3
4 4
4
3 4
1.5845
181.9
106.7 /
t
k
k
t
w h h
s s
T P
T P
T K
w h h kJ kg
=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
= =
Control volume: High-temperature heat exchanger.

Control volume: Low-temperature heat exchanger.
( )
2 3 2 3
113.4 /
H p
q h h C T T kJ kg = = =
( )
1 4 1 4
71.6 /
41.8 /
L p
net c t
q h h C T T kJ kg
w w w kJ kg
= = =
= =

1.713
0.014 /
L
net
L
L
q
w
Q
m kg s
q
| = =
= =
Combined Cycle

Mercury-water binary power system

9.10 Combined Power and
Refrigeration Cycle
Combined Power and Refrigeration Cycle
Combined Brayton/Rankine Cycle System
Combined-Cycle Cascade Refrigeration System

Cycles and Components

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Elementary Thermodynamic Cycle and Components

Elementary Thermodynamic Cycle and Components

Reheat and Regeneration

Regeneration and Reheating in Brayton Cycle

Otto, Diesel and Stirling Cycle

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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