NORMAL VALUES

HEMATOLOGY I

Test A. Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Definition General Survey of bone marrow function; evaluates all three cell lines (WBC, RBC, platelets) Oxygencarrying pigment Volume of RBC found in the whole blood

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilities

1. Hemoglobin (Hgb)

M: 13-16 gm% F: 12-14 gm%

I: dehydration D: anemia

Instruct client to maintain an adequate fluid intake Instruct client to maintain adequate fluid intake

2. Hematocrit

M: 42-50% F: 37-44%

I: dehydration D: anemia

Test 3. White Blood Cell

Definition Fight infection and reach against foreign bodies

Reference Value 4.5-11 T/cumma

Implication I: diarrhea D: prolonged blood loss

Nursing Responsibilitie s
Inform the patient that the test requires blood sample

4. Differential Count a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocyte phagocytosis Antibody production 55-70% 20-35% I: neutophilia, D: neutropenia lymphocytosis, lymphocytopeni a Basophilia, leukemia,basope nia

c. Basophil

Mediate 0-0.5% hypersensititv ity reactions

Test d. Eosinophils

Definition Defense against parasitic infestation

Reference Value 1-4%

Implication I: Eosinophilia D:Eosinopenia

Nursing Responsibilitie s

e. Monocyte

Antigenantibody complexes
For blood clotting Measure of marrow production of erythrocytes

1-6%

I:Monocytosis D:Monocytopen ia
I: rheumatoid arthritis D: hemorrhage I: Reticulocytosis D: Retiiculocytopen ia Teach client to avoid injury

B. Platelet

150-400 T/cumm 0.5-1.5%

C. Reticulocyte

Test D. Red Blood Cell

Definition Transport oxygen from lungs to tissue

Reference Value M: 4.3-5.9 M/mm3 F: 3.5-5.5 M/mm

Implication I: dehydration D: hemorrhage

Nursing Responsibilitie s Explain to client that he/she may feel slight discomfort

E. Red Cell Indices

1. Mean Corpuscular Volume 2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration Indicates size of RBCs 80-96fL um3 I: liver disease D: iron deficiency anemia I:Hyperchronic anemia, D:Hypochronic anemia I: Sphercytosis D: IDA

Measure the amount of Hgb in RBC

27-31pg

Average 32-36% concentration measure of Hgb in RBCs

HEMATOLOGY II

Test A. Blood Sugar

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

Explain to the client that the infections can increase the blood sugar level. He/she should seek medical advice.
Measures blood sugar following a 12-24 hour fasting Can be done anytime 60-110mg/dL

1. fasting

2. Random

45-130 mg/dL

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

B. Coagulation Tests 1. Clotting Time Time taken for blood or blood plasma to coagulate
2. Bleeding time Measures the ability to stop bleeding after a small puncture wound Measure the time required for a fibrin clot to form in a citrated plasma sample

7-15 mins

2-9 mins

3. Prothrombine time

10-13 secs

CHEMISTRY I CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Test A. Kidney Function Tests

1. Creatinine

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

Derive from 5-23 mg/dL the muscle metabolism and excreted by the kidney Amount of nitrogenous substance in the blood as urea End product of purine metabolism 5-23 mg/dL

I: Chronic Renal failure D: Atrophy of the muscle tissue I: liver disease D: Renal failure

2. Blood Urea Nitrogen

3.Uric acid

M: 3.4-7 mg% F: 2.4-5.7

I: gout D:multiple sclerosis

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

B. Liver function tests 1. Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase 2. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic transaminase an enzyme M: 21-72 u/L found in F: 9-52 u/L increased concentration s in the liver an enzyme M: 17-59 found in very F: 9-52 increased concentration s w/ highly metabolic tissue I: hepatic disease

Hepatic disease with extensive necrosis

CHEMISTRY II URINALYSIS

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

A. Physical Examination 1. Color Amber, Straw Concentrated Urine

2. Transparency

Transparent, Clear Indicator of 1.010-1.025 Urine concentration I:Dehydration D:Renal impairment

3. Specific Gravity B. Chemical Examination

Test 1. Glucose

Definition
Simple sugar

Reference Value Negative

Implication Glycosuria

Nursing Responsibilitie s

2. Bilirubin

Formed mainly by the decomposition of hgb End product of the breakdown of fatty acids The fluid that circulates in the blood vessels of the body. Determine the relative acidity and alkalinity

Negative

I: Liver disease

3. Ketone

Negative

Ketosis and Ketonuria

4. Blood

Negative

Hematuria

5. pH

4.5-8

Alkaline-UTI Acid-renal tuberculosis

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

6.Protein

Any of a Negative group of complex organic macromolecu les Formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin A salt or ester Negative of nitrous acid.

Proteinuria

7. Urobilinogen

I: Liver damage D: Inflammatory disease

8.Nitrite

+ nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in urine

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

C. Microscopic Examination 1. Pus cells Comprise the chief portion of the formed elements in pus Cells that line Increased hollow amount indicate organs and inflammation glands Cylindrical None protein-based molds of the urinary tubule lumen Pus cells in urine may be a sign of UTI

2.Epithelial cells

Urinary Tract Infection

3. Easts

I: Casts are usually a result of damage to renal tubular cells

Test

Definition

Reference Value

Implication

Nursing Responsibilitie s

4. Crystals

Homogenous Positive solid formed by atoms, ions or molecules Presence of 30-300 mg/24 albumin in hrs the urine at levels that are higher than normal but lower than those detected by standard screening methods

I: Kidney stones

D. Micro albuminuria

Important risk for the development of cardiac disease among diabetics

SOURCES
Pillitteri.,Maternal and Child Health Nursing, 4th Ed.

Kozier.,Fundamentals in Nursing, 8th Ed.