Professional Documents
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IFOAM 2005
1. 2. 3. 4.
of of of of
Principle of health:
Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet
Principle of ecology
Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them and help sustain them. Principle of fairness Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities
Principle of care
Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment. Organic Production and Processing is based on a number of principles and ideas. IFOAM is the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. It is an umbrella organization for the organic industry, made up of nearly 800 organizations from 104 countries.
To maintain, promote and increase agro-biological diversity through sustainable production systems and protection of their ecological context To promote the responsible use and conservation of water and water resources To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in production and processing systems
To create a harmonious balance between crop production and animal husbandry To minimize all forms of pollution To utilize biodegradable and recycled packaging materials To allow and provide everyone involved with a quality of life that satisfies their basic needs, and furnishes an adequate return, within a safe, secure and healthy working environment To support the establishment of an entire production, processing and distribution chain which is both socially just and ecologically responsible To recognize the importance of, protect and learn from, indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems.
Sustainable Agriculture A group of agriculture systems Which are not clearly defined, Aiming on sustainable land use e.g. LEISA
Conventional Agriculture Green revolution agriculture: monoculture of high yielding varieties, use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, etc.
Organic Agriculture
Integrated Production Improved conventional agriculture through reduced chemical & pessticides
ORGANIC CERTIFICATION
Organic certification was first instituted in the 1970's by the same regional organic farming groups that first developed organic standards. In the early years, the farmers inspected one another on a voluntary basis, according to quite a general set of standards. Today third-party certification is a much more complex and formal process. Although certification started as a voluntary activity, the market began to demand it for sales transactions, and now it is required by the regulations of many governments for any kind of an "organic" claim on a product label.
ORGANIC CERTIFICATION
Purposes of organic certification: as evidence of an organic products as marketing instrument in premium markets is needed if organic products are traded world wide as a standard that constantly reviewed getting higher selling prices open a new market useless for personal consumption avoid consumers from abuse in the growing and lucrative market
Type of certification
1. International standard IFOAM Basic Standard: How organic products are grown, produced, processed and handled. The Codex Alimentarius: A joint FAO/WHO food standard program as a guideline for production, processing, labeling and marketing of organic products. Codex are in line with IFOAM basic standard & EU 2. National Standard Guideline for production, processing and import of organic products including inspection procedure, labeling, marketing for the whole Europe EU Regulation 2092/91 for crop in 1993 EU Regulation 1804/99 for livestock in 2000
EU regulation is fully implemented in 28 European countries, 7 in Asian and Pasific regions, 3 in America and Caribbean, 1 in Africa and middle east. Indonesia is in the process of drafting regulations International certification is higher than National certification
Logo EU
Germany
Turkey
Ethiopia
Austria
Thailand
Canada
France
Switzerland
America
Indonesia
CERTIFICATION CONDITION
Conversion from conventional to organic minimum two years. If they wish to produce both conventional and organic produce, the operation should be separated. All farms are subjects to inspections by inspection bodies or other authorities. Organic label can not be used for non organic products and products that contain GMOs. After conversion annual inspections
INSPECTIONS
Inspection of documentation over purchases and sales, livestock and medication log books etc Possible taking of samples Inspection of in and outdoor livestock conditions Inspection of warehouses, fields, orchards, greenhouses and pastures Additional inspections and on the spot If the operators not complying with all requirements, their organic certification can be withdrawn.
Procedures:
1.Initially, a farm is inspected and a report is lodged with the certification review committee (CRC).If CRC recommends the farm enter the certification system , it will be placed "Under Supervision" for the first 12 months. During this time, produce or products cannot be sold as 'Certified Organic" or as 'IN CONVERSION TO Organic". 2.After 12 months , the farm may be upgraded to "In Conversion" if the second inspection is satisfactory. The farm must then complete two years "In Conversion" before it is considered for certifying as "Organic"(otherwise known as "A GRADE Organic")
3.The "In conversion period may be reduced - but only where it can be demonstrated a farm during the years immediately preceding conversion used techniques closely allied to those of organic agriculture and which meet all testing and inspection requirements. Whatever the length of the conversion period, product may not be sold as "In conversion to Organic" until a farm has been under an inspection system for 12 months. 4.In the case of other farm activities not being certified , those activities must be clearly separated and the products must be of a different nature from the certified produces or products. There can not be organic and non -organic growing (parallel production) of the same species on the same property-or on any other property under the same grower's management or control. 5.When a defined area is certified , the remainder of the farm must be converted to organic within 10 years.
CERTIFICATION IN INDONESIA
Departemen Pertanian : Indonesian organic standard SNI 01-6729-2002.
Organic process: all process from land preparation post harvest should follow organic method, not shown from product already produced. SNI was design based on the Guidelines for the production, processing, labeling and marketing of organically produced foods and has been modified in accordance with Indonesian condition
PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA PERTANIAN ORGANIK 1. Pengendalian gulma secara preventif 2. Penggunaan cover crops 3. Penggunaan Mulsa 4. Kultur teknis 5. Penggunaan allelopathy 6. Pengendalian gulma biologis
Tanaman penutup tanah hidup Tanaman penutup tanah tidak hidup Tanaman penutup tanah hidup lebih efektif dibandingkan tanaman penutup tanah tidak hidup Tanaman penutup tanah hidup lebih menekan perkecambahan gulma, munculnya gulma, pertumbuhan gulma & produksi bibit gulma
Mucuna Spp Vigna unguiculata Crotalaria juncea Pureraria javonica Calopogonium mucunoides Centrosema pubescens Banyak digunakan pada tanaman karet & kelapa sawit
3. Penggunaan mulsa
Mulsa berupa bahan organik & anorganik yang disebarkan secara merata pada permukaan tanah Mulsa berupa lembaran dari bahan alami atau sintetis yang digunakan untuk menutupi permukaan tanah (mulsa plastik putih, hitam dan perak)
Penggunaan tanaman budidaya yang mempunyai daya kompetisi yang tinggi terhadap gulma, mampu berkecambah dengan cepat, pertumbuhan batang & akar cepat, mempunyai daya menutup kanopi cepat, mempunyai nilai ILD yang tinggi serta cepat menghasilkan cabang dan anakan.
Cara mendapatkan tanaman yang mempunyai daya kompetisi yang tinggi terhadap gulma
Memilih bibit/benih yang sehat Menempatkan biji pada tanah dengan kedalaman yang tepat Penggunaan jarak tanam yang lebih sempit/populasi lebih tinggi Menggunakan kultivar yang mempunyai bentuk morfologi lebih tinggi
5. Penggunaan Allelopathy
Allelopathy=Pengaruh langsung atau tidak langsung baik positiv atau negative dari satu tanaman kepada tanaman lainnya melalui pelepasan senyawa kimia ke lingkungan. Beberapa tanaman dan gulma mempunyai potensi allelopathy Allelopathy dilepaskan ke lingkungan melalui leachate, volatilisasi, exudasi akar, residu tanaman yang mati.
6. Pengendalian Biologis
Usaha menekan atau mengurangi kepadatan gulma sampai batas yang tidak merugikan secara ekonomi dengan menggunakan virus, bakteri, serangga, nematoda, burung, ikan, mamalia.
Organisma yang sering digunakan adalah berbagai jenis serangga, pathogen penyakit, hewan mamalia, ikan grass carp.
7. Pengendalian gulma secara mekanis Pengolahan tanah Penyiangan dan pencabutan gulma Flame atau nyala api Air panas Sinar infra merah Sinar ultra violet