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the
How
will we obtain
Oil
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Contents
Laboratory Studies
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WAG Process
+ Macroscopic sweep efficiency of water Incremental recovery :- 6 % -16 %. Difference in results between experimental investigations and practical implementation on reservoir scale Gases used :- CO , N , HC gases, Mixture of different gases.
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WAG Started
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Process
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on the basis of Cycle size Single cycle WAG Five cycle WAG Tapered WAG Other forms are hybrid WAG & Simultaneous Water Alternate Gas (SWAG) process.
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Design Parameters
Reservoir heterogeneity Rock & Fluid Interactions Injection Gas Characteristics Injection Pattern Tapering Slug size Cycle Size WAG Ratio Gravity Considerations in WAG
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Screening Criteria
Minimum oil saturation : 25-30% Reservoir :- Homogeneous enough to minimize fingering . As CO corrosive in nature, it must be taken care of. Ratio of water and gas. Moderately light to light oil reservoirs(API gravity > 25). The reservoir should be deep enough to contain the MMP.
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Associated Problems
Some of the operational problems are:Early Breakthrough in production wells Reduced Injectivity Corrosion Formation of scale, asphaltene,hydrates etc. Different temperatures of injected phase
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Laboratory Studies
Preparation of core sand pack & evacuation
Data Interpretation
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Experimental Set up
Positive Displacement Pump Buffer Cell Rocking Cell Hot Air Oven Measuring Cylinder Gas Meter
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Experimental study
Intended to suggest the best EOR scheme for an Indian field. Aimed at evaluating the performance of WAG (single cycle and five cycle) and SAG injection in the core as a function of displacement efficiency by injectant to improve oil recovery. Effect of CO2 on crude oil if injected as WAG mode.
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Procedure
Saturation of Core Pack with Live Oil.
Slug size of WAG was calculated. WAG injection was started @ 5cc/hr (gas) & @ 10 cc/hr (water). Chasing up fluid( water). Cleaning & Drying of core pack.
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W-2
G-3 W-3 G-4 W-4 G-5 W-5 Chase 3/2/2012 Water
45.9
45.9 50.4 50.4 54.9 54.9 59.4 64.5
31.0
33.5 37.0 41.0 45.0 48.0 50.0 53.0
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13.0
13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 14.0 14.0 14.0
23.92
24.84 24.84 24.84 24.84 25.76 25.76 25.76
14.4
14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4
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WAG(5 Cycle)
80
Displacement Efficiency (%)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.00
Water Flood
5-Cycle WAG
CW
0.50
1.00
PV Injected
1.50
2.00
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Sw, Sg, So
50
40 30 20 10 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
PV Injected
Sw(%)
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Sg(%)
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So(%)
20
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Water Flood
Gas
Water
C W
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
PV Injected
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Surfactant (sulphodet L-38) solution having its concentration of 2000 ppm is used.
WF G-1 S-1 G-2 S-2 G-3
Flood Type
S-3
S-4 S-4 G-5 S-5
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57.10
57.10 61.60 61.60 66.10 86.90
37.00
40.00 44.00 48.00 50.00 63.00
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14.0
15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
25.76
27.60 27.60 27.60 27.60 27.60
13.40
13.40 13.40 13.40 13.40 13.40
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CW
SAG(5 Cycle)
80
Displacement Efficiency(%)
70 60 50
Water Flood
SAG CW
40 30
20 10 0 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
PV Injected(cc)
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Sw, Sg, So
PV Injected
Sw
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Sg
So
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Chase water
100
Water Flood
CO WAG
80
60
40
20
0 0.00
0.50
1.00
PV Injected (cc)
1.50
2.00
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Results
100 90 80 70
Recover(WF)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Five Cycle WAG
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Results continued
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Five Cycle WAG
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Conclusions
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Recoveries should be normalized by the amount of gas injected to enable direct comparisons and get reliable results. WAG injection in cyclic mode gives better result. The entrapment of gas due to hysteresis & the effect of the 3 phase flow further contribute to increase recovery by injecting immiscible gas in SAG manner. CO became miscible with the oil at the reservoir pressure of 240 kg/cm and hence the residual oil saturation became very less. CO WAG can prove to be profitable in India if we can have CO generated from different sources.
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Acknowledgement
Sincere thanks to Mr.Laxminarayan Mahli, Manager (Reservoir), IRS, ONGC , Ahmedabad
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References
Enhanced Oil Recovery, Fundamentals & Analyses-E.C. Donaldson, G. V. Chilingarian, T.F.Y En A Thesis on Immiscible & Miscible Gas-Oil Displacements In Porous Media by Madhav M.kulkarni . Effect Of Oil & Flue Gas Composition On Oil recovery In The Flue Gas/Light Oil Injection Processes - O.S. Shokoya, Spe, Shell Canada, And S.A. Mehta, Sspe , R.G. Moore ,Spe , And B. Maini, Spe, University Of Calgary, Canada. Promise and Problems of Miscible-Flood Enhanced Oil Recovery, The Need for Surfactant-Based Sweep and Mobility Control by Duane H. Smith Enhanced Oil Recovery Group, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880. Enhanced Oil Recovery & CCS by L.D. Carter Article Alley - Fortune Oil and Gas Willis Texas Offers The Story Enhanced Oil, an article by Jim Knight
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References continued
EOR Economics What Works and What Doesnt by Oswald Clint, Ph.D., ACA , Senior Analyst , +44-207-170-5089 oswald.clint@bernstein.com Enhanced Oil Recovery By Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection by D. H. Tehrani, A. Danesh, M. Sohrabi And G. Henderson, Department Of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, Uk.
Surfactant-Alternate-Gas (SAG) Injection Process as a Novel EOR Technique-- A Laboratory Investigation. Category: Reservoir Modeling and Characterisation by J. P. Srivastava, D. S. Negi, Adarsh K. Jain, and Dr. A. K. Dhawan, IRS, ONGC, Ahmedabad.
Enhanced oil recovery by gas injection : Proposed Screening criteria by F.B Thomas, D.B Bennion, X.L Zhou , a. Erian, D.W Bennion , Hycal energy laboratories Ltd.
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