Electrotechnology

DC Circuit
 DC Circuit
Specific Learning Objectives

 Apply circuit law to solve problem in dc network-

series, parallel, combined dc and parallel circuits
 Solve problem to find power and efficiency in
electromechanical system and consideration required
when apply the laws in network problems
 Solve problem regarding resistance required to extent
range of ammeter and voltmeter and verify the
experiments
Electric Circuit.
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
 DC Circuit
Ohm’s law
• states that the current I flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied
voltage V and inversely proportional to the resistance R, provided the
temperature remains constant. Thus,

Electrical power
• Power P in an electrical circuit is given by the product of potential difference V
and current I. The unit of power is the watt, W. Hence

Electrical energy
• Electrical energy = power × time
• If the power is measured in watts and the time in seconds then the unit of energy
is watt-seconds or joules.
• If the power is measured in kilowatts and the time in hours then the unit of
energy is kilowatt-hours, often called the ‘unit of electricity’.
• The ‘electricity meter’ in the home records the number of kilowatt-hours used
and is thus an energy meter.
 DC Circuit
Main effects of electric current
• The three main effects of an electric current are:
• Magnetic effect : bells, relays, motors,
generators, transformers, telephones, car-ignition
and lifting magnets.
• Chemical effect : primary and secondary cells and
electroplating
• Heating effect : cookers, water heaters, electric
fires, irons, furnaces, kettles and soldering irons
 DC Circuit
• Series circuits
• Figure 5.1 shows three resistors R1,
R2 and R3 connected end to end, i.e., • from Ohm’s Law :
in series, with a battery source of V
volts.

• Since the circuit is closed a current I

will flow and the p.d. across each
resistor may be determined from the
voltmeter readings V1, V2 and V3

• In a series circuit the current I is the

same in all parts of the circuit and
hence the same reading is found on
each of the two ammeters shown.
• the sum of the voltages V1, V2 and
V3 is equal to the total applied
voltage
 DC Circuit
•Frequently the divider
• Potential divider consists of two resistors as
• The voltage distribution for the shown in Figure 2.2(a), where
circuit shown in Figure 2.2(a) is
given by:Figure 2.2 : divider
voltage - series
• Source : Electrical and
Electronic 8th Edition (2002)
•
The circuit shown in Figure 2.2(a)
is often referred to as a potential
divider circuit. Such a circuit can
consist of a number of similar
elements in series connected
across a voltage source, voltages
being taken from connections
between the elements.
 DC Circuit
Parallel networks
• Figure 2.3 shows three resistors, R1, R2
and R3 connected across each other, i.e., in
parallel, across a battery source of V volts.

In a parallel circuit:
• a) the sum of the currents I1, I2 and I3 is
equal to the total circuit current, I, i.e. I =
I1 + I2 + I3, and
• b) the source p.d., V volts, is the same
across each of the resistors.
• From Ohm’s law:Figure 2.3 : Parallel
circuit
• Source : Electrical and Electronic 8th
Edition (2002)
 DC Circuit
• Current division
• For the circuit shown in Figure
2.4, the total circuit resistance,
RT is given by: Figure 2.4 :
Parallel circuit
• Source : Electrical and
Electronic 8th Edition (2002)
• 2.6, E1 is positive and E2 is
negative.)
Light Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
 DC Circuit
• Kirchhoff’s laws

• Kirchhoff’s laws state:

• Current Law. At any junction in
an electric circuit the total current
flowing towards that junction is
equal to the total current flowing
away from the junction, Thus,
referring to Figure 2.5:
or
• Voltage Law. In any closed loop
in a network, the algebraic sum of
the voltage drops (i.e. products of
current and resistance) taken
around the loop is equal to the
resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop.
Thus, Referring to Figure 2.6:
•Note that if current flows away from the positive terminal of a source,
that source is considered by convention to be positive. Thus moving
anticlockwise around the loop of Figure
 DC Circuit
• QUESTIONS
• Define the Ohm’s Law and Kirchoff’s
Law.
• Three resistors A = 50 Ω, B = 20 Ω & C
= 25 Ω. Calculate the total resistance if
the resistors connected in series and
parallel.
• A three resistor R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω and
R3 = 8 Ω are connected in series. Find
the voltage across each of the resistors
and supply voltage if the current supply
is 1.5 A.
• For the network shown below I1 = 2.5
A, I2 = -1.5 A. Calculate the current I3.
DC Motor
 RESISTORS IN SERIES
• A simple SERIES CIRCUIT is shown in the
diagram below. The current (I) at every point
in a series circuit equals the current leaving
the battery.

I1= I2=I3=ITotal
 RESISTORS IN SERIES
• Assuming that the connecting wires offer no resistance to
current flow, the potential difference between the terminals
of the battery (V) equals the sum of the potential
differences across the resistors, i.e.,
V=Vl+ V2+ V3
•The equivalent electrical
resistance (R) for this
combination is equal to the
sum of the individual
resistors, i.e.,
R=R1+ R2+ R3
 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
In a simple PARALLEL CIRCUIT, the current leaving the
battery divides at junction point A in the diagram shown
below and recombines at point B. The battery current (I)
equals the sum of the currents in the branches. In general
I = I1 + I2 + I3
 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
• If no other resistance is present, the potential difference
across each resistor equals the potential difference across
the terminals of the battery.
• The equivalent resistance (R) of a parallel combination
is always less than the smallest of the individual
resistors. The formula for the equivalent resistance is as
follows:
• 1/R = 1/RI + 1/R2 + 1/R3
• The potential
difference across each
resistor in the
arrangement is the
same, i. e.
• V = VI = V2 = V3
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
In a simple PARALLEL CIRCUIT, the current leaving the
battery divides at junction point A in the diagram shown
below and recombines at point B. The battery current (I)
equals the sum of the currents in the branches. In general
I = I1 + I2 + I3
 EMF AND TERMINAL
• All sources ofVOLTAGE
emf have what is known as INTERNAL
RESISTANCE (r) to the flow of electric current. The internal
resistance of a fresh battery is usually small but increases
with use. Thus the voltage across the terminals of a battery is
less than the emf of the battery.
• The TERMINALVOLTAGE (V) is given by the equation
V = ε - Ir, where ε represents the emf of the source of
potential in volts, I the current leaving the source of emf in
amperes and r the internal resistance in ohms.
• The internal resistance of the source of emf is always
considered to be in a series with the external resistance
present in the electric circuit.
 KIRCHHOFF'S RULES

• KIRCHHOFF'S RULES are used in conjunction with Ohm's

law in solving problems involving complex circuits:
• KIRCHHOFF'S FIRST RULE or JUNCTION RULE: The
sum of all currents entering any junction point equals the sum
of all currents leaving the junction point. This rule is based on
the law of conservation of electric charge.
• KIRCHHOFF'S SECOND RULE or LOOP RULE: The
algebraic sum of all the gains and losses of potential around
any closed path must equal zero. This law is based on the law
of conservation of energy.
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS

1. Place a (+) sign next the long line of the battery symbol
and a (-) sign next to the short line. Start choosing a direction
for conventional current flow ( flow of positive charge )
If you choose the wrong direction for the flow of current in a
particular branch, your final answer for the current in that
branch will be negative. The negative answer indicates that
the current actually flows in the opposite direction.

I
 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
• 2. Assign a direction to the circuit in each independent branch
of the circuit. Place a positive sign on the side of each resistor
where the current enters and a negative sign on the side where
the current exits, e.g.; This indicates that a drop in potential
occurs as the current passes through the resistor .
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS

• Notice how the

directions of the
currents are labeled
in each branch of
the circuit
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
• 3. Select a JUNCTION POINT and apply the
junction rule, e.g., at point A in the diagram:

The junction rule may be applied at more than one

junction point. In general, apply the junction rule
to enough junctions so that each branch current
appears in at least one equation.
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
• 4. Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule by first taking note
whether there is a gain or loss of potential at each resistor
and source of emf as you trace the closed loop. Remember
that the sum of the gains and losses of potential must add
to zero.
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
For example, for the left loop of
the sample circuit above start
at point B and travel
clockwise around the loop.
Because the direction chosen
for the loop is also the
direction assigned for the
current, there is a gain in
potential across the battery
(- to +), but a loss of
potential across each resistor
(+ to -).
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS

• Following the path of the

current shown in the
diagram and using the
loop rule, the following
equation can be written:
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
The direction taken around the
loop is ARBITRARY. Tracing
a counterclockwise path around
the circuit starting at B, as
shown in the above right
diagram, there is gain in
potential across each resistor
to (- to +) and a drop in
potential across the battery (+
to -). The loop equation would
then be:
 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS

• Multiplying both sides of the above equation by - 1 and

algebraically rearranging, it can be shown that the two
equations are equivalent. Be sure to apply the loop rule to
enough closed loops so that each branch current appears in at
least one loop equation. Solve for each branch current using
standard algebraic methods.
“Solve
simultaneous
equations”
CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL
• A circuit with
CAPACITORS IN
PARALLEL is shown in the
diagram below. According to
Kirchhoff ‘s loop rule, the
potential difference (V) of the
source of emf:
• V = VI = V2 = V3
 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

• The total charge stored on the capacitor plates (Q) equals the
amount of charge which left the source of:
• Q = Ql + Q2 + Q3 ( Charge is additive)
• and since Q = CV then
• CV = CV1 + CV2 + CV3
• C= C1+ C2 +C3 (Capacitance is additive)
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
• For CAPACITORS IN SERIES,
the amount of charge (Q) that
leaves the source of emf equals
the amount of charge that forms
on each capacitor:
• Q = Ql = Q2 = Q3
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
• From Kirchhoffs loop
rule, the potential
difference across the
source of emf (V) equals
the sum of the potential
differences across the
individual capacitors:
Circuits containing resistors and
capacitors
An RC CIRCUIT consists of a resistor and a capacitor
connected in series to a de power source.When switch
1 (S1), shown in the diagram below, is closed, the
current will begin to flow from the source of emf and
charge will begin to accumulate on the capacitor.
Using Kirchhoff s loop rule it can be shown that