SDH Technology

UTSI-ENG-200114480100

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Outline
Basic Terms Basic Concept Multiplexing Structure Network Topologies Network Management

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Commonly Used Terms

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Commonly Used Terms DS0 (Single Channel) Signal

Lowest Operating Digital Rate Analog Signal converted to 64 Kbps Data Stream 8 Bits = 1 Byte 8000 Bytes/Sec = 64000 bps From Analog to Digital 8000 samples per second 8000 * 8 = 64000 bps
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Commonly Used Terms

DS1 Signal

24 DS0 Multiplexed to 1 DS1 64 Kbps * 24 = 1536000 bps + 1 F bit * 8000 bps for Framing = 1,544,000 bps or 1.5 Mbps Commonly called a T1 Line (or C11 Container)
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Commonly Used Terms

E-1 Signal

32 DS0 Multiplexed to 1 E-1

64 Kbps * 32 = 2048 Kbps or 2.048 Mbps

Commonly called a E1 Line (or C12 Container)

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Commonly Used Terms

E-3 Signal

16 E-1 Multiplexed to 1 E-3

2.048 Mbps * 16 + 1.60 = 34.368 Mbps Overhead

Commonly called a E3 Line (or C3 Container)

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Commonly Used Terms

E-4 Signal

4 E-3 Multiplexed to 1 E-4 34.363 Mbps * 4 + 1.812 = 139.264 Mbps Overhead Commonly called a E4 Line (or C4 Container)

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SDH Concept

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What is SDH ?

SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

A Modular, Layered & Organized Architecture using Synchronous Multiplexing Technique. A Standardized hierarchical Set of Digital Transport Structures for transport of suitably Adapted Payloads A Set of Improved & Standardized Management Interfaces and Functions, allowing Digital Transmission Systems to inter-work in a multivendor environment.
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What is SDH ?
An Evolutionary Step in Transmission Technology, enabling Network Operators to compete more successfully in the face of deregulation

A Vision of Transport Networks in Year-2000

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SDH Functional Layers

Circuit Layer Network Circuit Layer

Lower Order Path Layer Path Layer Network Higher Order Path Layer

Multiplex Section Layer Regenerator Section Layer Physical Medium GCS/BT Layer

Transmission Media Layer Network

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Circuit Layers

64 Kbps layer Network ISDN Services Network Mgmt & Control links Leased Lines E1 / E2 / E3 / E4 Lines B-ISDN / Virtual Circuit layer Network Variable bit rate & integrated broadband Services

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Path Layers

VC-11 layer Network 64 Kbps links & 1.5 Mbps leased lines VC-12 layer Network 64 Kbps & 2 Mbps leased lines VC-3 layer Network LAN links, DS3 / E-3 leased lines VC-4 layer Network VC-12, VC-3, B-ISDN / Virtual path & HDTV links B-ISDN / Virtual path Network B-ISDN services, Virtual path link, Mgmt & GCS/BT Control links

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Transmission Media Layers

Multiplex Section layer Network

VC-4 / VC-3 links, Mgmt & Control links

Regenerator Section layer Network

Multiplex Section links, Mgmt & Control links

Optical Section layer Network

Regenerator Section links

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SDH Network - A Layered Model

Circuit Layer Network
Circuit Layer

VC-11

VC-12

VC-2

VC-3

Lower Order Path Layer Path Layer Higher Order Path Layer

VC-3

VC-4

Multiplex Section Layer Regenerator Section Layer

Section Layer

Transmission Media Layer

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SDH Equipment Layers

SDH Network

PATH

IP

SDH REG

SDH Multiplexer

SDH Multiplexer

Regenerator SectionRegenerator Section

Multiplex Section Path
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PATH

MST

RST

MST

PDH ATM

PHOTONIC LAYER

PHOTONIC LAYER

PDH ATM IP

SDH Multiplexing Structure

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SDH Signal Hierarchy

(number) = Hierarchical Level [number] = Multiplexing Factor

(4) 9.95328 Gbps [4]

(3)
[4] 2.48832 Gbps (2 ) [4]

(1)

622.08 Mbps

155.52 Mbps

STM-64 STM-16 STM-4

STM-1
(Basic Signal)

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SDH Transport Rates

Signal Level STM-1 Rate (Mbps) 155.52 Capacity 63 E1 3 E3 1 E4 252 E1 12 E3 4 E4 1008 E1 48 E3 16 E4 4032 E1 192 E3 64 E4
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Voices 1890 1440 1920 7560 5760 7680 30240 23040 30720 120960 92160 122880
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STM-4

622.08

STM-16

2488.32

STM-64

9953.28

SDH Multiplexing Structure

xN STM-N AUG 1 AU-4 VC-4 3 1 3 TUG-3 7 AU-3 VC-3 1 7 TUG-2 C-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-4

139 264 kbit/s

44 736 kbit/s 34 368 kbit/s

TU-2
3 4 TU-12

VC-2

C-2

6312 kbit/s

2048 kbit/s
VC-12 C-12

Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

1544 kbit/s

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Basic Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH)

Regenrator Section Overhead (RSOH) Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

Administrative Unit Pointer(s) Information Payload

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SDH Frame Structure

270 x N Columns (bytes) 9xN
1

261 x N

AU Pointer(s) Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

STM-N Payload

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9 Rows
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Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) 3

STM-1 Frame Structure

Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 9 Rows by 270 Columns 125 Micro Seconds Frame Length 8000 Frames per Second Bit Rate 9 * 270 * 8000 * 8 = 155520000 Bits per Second

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STM-1 Frame Structure

Transport Overhead 9 Columns * 9 Rows 9 Columns * 3 Rows = 27 bytes for RSOH 9 Columns * 1 Row = 9 bytes for AU pointer(s) 9 Columns * 5 Rows = 45 bytes for MSOH

Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 2349 (9 * 261) bytes 150.336 Mbps Enough Capacity to carry a E-4 payload (139.264 Mbps)

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STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (bytes) 9
1

261

AU Pointer(s) Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

STM-1 Payload

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9 Rows
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Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) 3

STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH)

9 bytes

A1 B1 D1

A1

A1

A2 E1 D2

A2

A2

J0 F1 D3

X X

X X RSOH

9 Rows

Administrative Unit Pointer(s)

B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 X B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 Bytes reserved for National Use Media Dependent BytesGCS/BT K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 X X 27 MSOH

STM-1 SOH Functions

SOH Bytes A1, A2 B1, B2 D1D3 D4D12 E1, E2 Functions Frame Alignment

Performance Monitoring, Parity Bytes

Network Management, RS-DCC Network Management, MS-DCC Voice Communication, Voice Orderwire Chls

F1
J0 K1, K2 S1 M1

Maintenance, Voice/Data Channel

Section Trace Identifier Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Control Clock Quality Indicator (Synchronization Status) Transmission Error Acknowledgement
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Path Overhead (POH)

Container

POH

Virtual Container

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Path Overhead (POH)

End-To-End Path Connectivity Container Type Information Quality Monitoring Maintenance Automatic Protection Switching Tandem Connection Monitoring

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VC-3/4 POH
POH Bytes Functions Path Indication

J1 B3
C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3

Performance Monitoring, Parity Bytes

Container Format Transmission Error Acknowledgement Maintenance Superframe Indication Maintenance Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Control Tandem Connection Monitoring
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N1

VC-11/12 POH
POH Bytes V5 J2 N2 K4 Functions Error Indication & Monitoring Path Indication Tandem Connection Monitoring Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Control

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C-4 Mapping into STM-1

Plesiochronous Signal (139.264 Mbps)
Container

C-4 Path Overhead (POH) C-4

POH

Virtual Container

AU-4 Pointer
Section Overhead (SOH)

VC-4

AU-4 PTR

Administrative Unit

AUG (= AU-4)
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SOH

STM-1
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Mapping of C-3 into STM-1

9
1

261

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) AU Pointer Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 STM-1 Payload H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

3 4

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

Fixed Stuff

Fixed Stuff

J1 B3 C2 G1 C-3 F2 34 Mbps H4 F3 K3 N1
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SDH Network Topologies

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SDH Network Elements

Regenerator (REG): used to extend the fiber reach Terminal Multiplexer (TM): used in point-to-point network or at the end point of an Add/drop network Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM): used in Ring or Linear Add/drop network Digital Cross-Connect (DXC or DCS): typically used in Mesh network to cross connect payload signals

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SDH Network Topologies

Point-to-Point Configuration
Linear Add/Drop (or Chain) Configuration

Ring Configuration
Star Configuration

Mesh Configuration

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Point-to-Point Configuration
User Site Central Office

SDH NE

STM-1 (OC-3)

SDH NE

A Simple Topology terminating SDH payload at each point of a Fiber Span Requires Single SDH Multiplexer (Terminal MUX) on a Single Route Typically, deployed in Transport Applications Enhanced Survivability with a Protection Path
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Linear Add/Drop Configuration

User Site 1 User Site 2

Central Office
STM-1 (OC-3) STM-1 (OC-3) SDH NE

SDH NE

SDH NE

Drop/Insert of relevant Traffic at Intermediate Sites

Used where Protection against Failure is not of great concern Also, called Drop/Insert or Chain Configuration Typically, deployed in both Regional Transit & Access Subnetworks
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Ring Configuration

Site B Working Path SDH NE Site A Site C SDH NE STM-1 Ring SDH NE

Closed Loop Configuration with Add/Drop Multiplexers Protection against: Fiber cut Signal failure/degrade (e.g., aging Laser) Node failure Common Ring Topologies UPSR (Unidirectional Path Switched Ring) BLSR (Bi-directional Line Switched Ring)

Protection Path

SDH NE Site D

DPR (Dedicated Protection Ring)

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UPSR

Vs

BLSR
Half High Speed Line Resources are Service & Half are Protection & assigned on a Span-by-Span basis Different Paths depending on fault location Single End-to-End Paths

All High Speed Line Resources are Service (Active/Standby) & Assigned on a round the Ring basis A Dedicated Standby Path for each Active Path Redundant End-to-End Paths

Head-end bridged & Tail-end Switched

Non-Revertive Path Switching (common)

Loop back to Protection

Revertive Line Switching
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Unidirectional Path Switched Ring

Traffic from A to B to C Site B SDH NE Site A Site C SDH NE

2 Fiber UPSR
Site D

SDH NE

SDH NE

Traffic from C to D to A GCS/BT 42

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring

Traffic from C to B to A

Site B SDH NE Site A Site C SDH NE Traffic from A to B to C

2 Fiber BLSR
Site D

SDH NE

SDH NE

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Dedicated Protection Ring (DPR)

Site B Working Ring SDH NE Site A Site C SDH NE 2 Fiber DPR SDH NE

Unidirectional Line Switched Ring

Working Traffic & Protection Traffic in Opposite Directions High Speed Line Resources assigned on a round the Ring Basis A Dedicated standby Ring for an Active Ring

Protection Ring SDH NE Site D

Revertive Line Switching

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Star Configuration

User Site 1

Point-to-Point Connectivity on different routes from a Centralized Site Terminating SDH Payload at each point of a Fiber Span

Central Office
) (OC-3 STM-1

SDH NE

SDH NE (HUB NE)

STMM ST -1 (O

1 (OC

-3)

User Site 2

SDH NE
3) C-

Centralized Site operates with HUB Configuration

Typically, deployed in both Regional Transit & Access Sub-networks Enhanced Survivability with Protection Path on each route
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User Site 2

SDH NE

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Mesh Configuration
Provides Capacity Sharing, Protection against Fiber Cut & Equipment Failures Efficient use of Bandwidth & Traffic Restoration Additional Protection using Spare Capacity

SDH NE SDH NE

SDH NE SDH NE

Suitable for Higher transmission networks

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SDH Network Management

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SDH Network Management

Management Functional Areas

Configuration Management (CM) Fault Management (FM) Performance Management (PM) Security Management (SM)

DCN Management

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Configuration Management (CM)

Equipment Configuration Termination Point (Physical Interfaces) Provisioning Cross-Connect (or Payload Map) Protection switching Synchronization Configuration (Timing Synchronization)

NE Recovery

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Fault Management (FM)

Alarm Surveillance Alarm Detection Alarm Filtering Alarm Reporting

Fault Localization & Testing Fault Isolation Fault (or Alarm) Correlation Diagnostics (Loopbacks, Self-Diagnostics, etc.)
Alarm History Management

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Performance Management (PM)

PM Data Collection PM Attributes Setting Thresholds Setting PM Evaluation Criteria Start Time, etc. PM Data Reporting Performance Monitoring History 24-hour Registers 15-minute Registers Performance monitoring during Unavailable Time
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Security Management (SM)

User Access Control to protect Network against Unauthorized Access Major Functions

Logon/Logoff User Categories Addition/Deletion of a User

Logs of Invalid login tries, Configuration related

commands, etc.

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DCN Management

Configure & Control Resources in SDH NEs (e.g., DCC Management) Enable/Disable DCC (or ECC) Operational Status of DCC Network Parameters (Qos, Packet size, etc.) Management of Network Addresses Establish of Message Routing between DCC Nodes Network Route Configuration Routing Tables Route Priorities
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