Presentation on Gamma Ray Log

Presented by: Tanvir Ahmed Shazzad Ur Rahman

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Overview:

What is gamma ray Gamma ray logging Principles of gamma ray logging Logging tools Advantages of Application Limitation
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- ray logging

What is gamma ray

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive decay and having energies in a range from ten thousand (104) to ten million (107) electron volts. They are part of the electromagnetic spectrum having highest frequency.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum:

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An excited, unstable nuclide is said to be reactive because it releases energy in the form of radiation to stabilize. This is the cause of the generation of gamma ray radiation.

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Gamma ray logging

This type of logging involves either measurement of the naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the sedimentary rocks or response of rocks to gamma radiation generated by a source in the bore-hole. Two types:
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1.

Natural Gamma ray logging

Gamma ray logging contd.

Primary radioactive element in sedimentary rocks is K40. Other radioactive elements are the elements of thorium & uranium series. We know , radioactive elements are unstable & disintegrate to form stable atoms. The disintegration of these elements are -ray emission. 3/18/12 accompanied by

Because of the depositional environment of shale, was favourable for the accumulation radioactive minerals, there is a trend of radioactive minerals to concentrate in shales. Sandstones,limestones,dolomites have very little radioactive content. Hence -ray logging can be used as 3/18/12 indicator of shale. an

-ray absorption logging

This log is also known as density log. -ray absorption logging uses a source to generate -ray through the formation & measures the attenuation of it. Attenuation occurs due to the interaction of -ray with the matters present in the formation that are to some extent radioactive.

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Gamma ray interaction

Gamma ray interacts with matters in three ways: Photoelectric effect Compton scattering Pair production
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Photoelectric effect

Photoelectric effect, where a gamma ray collides with an electron & is absorbed, and transfers all of its energy to that electron. In this case, the electron is ejected from the atom.

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Compton scattering

Compton scattering, where a gamma ray collides with an outer orbital electron orbiting the nucleus. In this case, the electron is ejected from its orbit and the incident gamma ray loses energy.

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Pair production

Pair production, where a gamma ray interacts with an atom to produce an electron and positron.

e +

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Principles: -ray absorption logging

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Principles: -ray absorption logging

Sources used are Cs 137 & Co 60. Cs is preferred because of its stability & longer half-life than Co. Energy of the emitted rays are about 0.66MeV. Energy lost by scattering is proportional to formation bulk density. -rays in the energy range 0.2-0.6MeV are counted by the detector.

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The count rate is related to formation bulk density, by the following eqn.:

R=
here , R= count rate , coefficient 3/18/12 are

Single detector gammagamma density tool

Gammaray shield

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Single detector gamma-gamma density tool

The source is insulated from detector by a lead shield.

The source & detector is kept in contact with the borehole wall.

The detector count rate is influenced by mud cake density & formation density.

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Dual detector tool

Formatio n

Long spacing detector Short spacing detector Sourc e 3/18/12

Dual detector tool

Designed to compensate for mud cake & borehole irregularities.

Long spaced detector has the same spacing as the single detector tool(gives same reading).

Short spaced detector sensitive to mud cake & hole irregularities.

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LITHO-DENSITY TOOL

The Pe, or lithodensity log, run with the lithodensity tool (LDT), is another version of the standard formation density log. In addition to the bulk density (rb), the tool also measures the photoelectric absorption index (Pe) of the formation. This new parameter enables a lithological interpretation to be made without prior knowledge of porosity.
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Depth of investigation

Tools investigate only few inches around the borehole. Half of the tool response reflects the region within 2 inches. 90% reflects the region 5 inch around the hole. Density tool investigate invaded zones.
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SP Vs. -ray logging

In empty or boreholes with nonconductive mud SP can't be recorded while gamma ray logging can be performed. Same goes for the cased holes. When Rmf Rw ,SP shows no deflection which suggests an erroneous existence of shale,.
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Application:

Natural gamma ray logging can be used to estimate the shale content of a formation.

Shale volume is calculated in the following way: First the gamma ray index IGR is calculated from the gamma ray log data using the relationship:

IGR

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Shale content determination

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Application:

The bulk formation density obtained from gamma ray absorption log is used to calculate the porosity by the following equation:

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Bulk density determination:

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Application:

Identifying lithologies & correlation. Radioactive mineral deposit detection.

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