The human and physical interfaces

Chapter Eight
8.1 8.9

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Outline
Introduction Keypads Seven-segment displays LCDs Sensors Actuators Summary
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Introduction
A human interface is an important part of most embedded systems. Users need to conveniently get information from the embedded system. They also need to conveniently control the operation of this system. Examples:
Domestic fridge Photocopier Car dashboard
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Human Interface - Examples

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Human Interface - Examples

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Human interface types

Input:
Switch Push button Keypad

Output:
light-emitting diode (LED) Seven-segment LED Liquid crystal display (LCD)

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The LED version of the Derbot AGV

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The LCD version of the Derbot AGV

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The Keypad

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Flow diagram
Reading a keypad with a microcontroll er port

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Outputs for the keypad

Port Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Function Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Unused

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Flow diagram of program example

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Keypad Example Initialization

;Initialize bsf status,rp0 movlw B'11110000' movwf bcf ... clrf bcf bsf bsf loop goto trisb status,rp0 portb intcon,rbif intcon,rbie intcon,gie loop ;select memory bank 1 ;Port B initially Row bits ;are input, column output ;select bank 0 ;initialize keypad value ;enable interrupt

;await keypad entries

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Keypad Example ISR

kpad_to_lcd call kpad_rd call kp_code_conv bsf portc,lcd_RS movwf lcd_op call lcd_write rel_test call kpad_rd movf kpad_pat,0 andlw 0fe sublw 0fe btfss status,z goto rel_test bcf intcon,rbif retfie ;set for character op

;test now for keypad release

;suppress lsb, not used ;test if inactive

;clear interrupt flag

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Keypad Example Read keypad

kpad_rd movf andlw movwf bsf movlw movwf bcf movlw movwf movf andlw iorwf portb,w B'11110000' kpad_pat status,rp0 B'00001110' trisb status,rp0 00 portb portb,w B'00001110' kpad_pat,1 ;read portb value, row pattern ;suppress unwanted bits ;set row to op, column to ip

;ensure output values still 0 ;read portb value, col. pattern ;suppress unwanted bits ;OR results into the pattern
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Keypad Example Read keypad 2

;reset keypad interface bsf status,rp0 ;set row to ip, column to op movlw B'11110000' movwf trisb bcf status,rp0 clrf portb ;ensure output values still 0 return

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Seven-segment displays
Common Anode

Common Cathode

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Connecting multiple digits

Need 1.2 k line resistors

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Timing diagram

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7-seg. display example page 1

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7-seg. display example page 2

;Initialise bcf status,rp1 bsf status,rp0;bank 1 movlw B00000000 ;out movwf trisa movwf trisb movwf trisc bcf status,rp0;bank 0 ; loop ;set digit 1 movlw B'00011101' ;H movwf porta bcf portc,6 ;seg a bsf portc,7 ;seg b bsf portc,1 ;dig 1 call delay5 bcf portc,1 ;set digit 2 goto loop
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Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

Liquid crystal responds to an applied electric field by changing the alignment of its molecules, and in so doing changing the direction of the light polarization that it introduces. Liquid crystal can be trapped between two parallel sheets of glass, with a matching pattern of transparent electrode on each sheet. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, the optical character of the Dr. Gheith Abandah 22

Interfacing with LCDs

Hitachi developed a special microcontroller (HD44780) for interfacing LCDs. This microcontroller is usually integrated with LCDs. Features:
8- or 4-bit data transfer Simple instruction set to initialize, clear, display, and position cursor Dr. Gheith Abandah 23 Has instruction register and data

HD44780 timing diagram

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Derbots LCD

Each digit is a liquid crystal dot matrix

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LCD Drive Example Page 1

lcd_write call busy_check bcf portc,lcd_rw bcf status,c rrf lcd_op,1 bcf portc,6 btfsc status,c bsf portc,6 bcf status,c rrf lcd_op,1 bcf portc,7 btfsc status,c bsf portc,7 movf lcd_op,0 movwf porta bsf portc,lcd_E bcf portc,lcd_E return
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LCD Drive Example Page 2

busy_check bsf status,rp0 ;bank 1 movlw B'00111111' ;set port A all ip movwf trisa bcf status,rp0 bcf flags,0 btfsc portc,lcd_RS ;save RS in flags, 0 bsf flags,0 bcf portc,lcd_RS ;access instr register bsf portc,lcd_RW ;set to read
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LCD Drive Example Page 3

busy_loop bcf portc,lcd_E bsf portc,lcd_E btfsc porta,lcd_busy ;test the busy flag goto busy_loop bcf portc,lcd_E bsf status,rp0 ;select memory bank 1 movlw B'00000000 ;set port A all op movwf trisa bcf status,rp0 bcf portc,lcd_RS btfsc flags,0 ;reinstate RS bit bsf portc,lcd_RS Dr. Gheith Abandah return

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Sensors
Convert physical variables to electrical. Examples:
The microswitch Light-dependent resistor Ultrasonic object sensor

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The Microswitch

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Light-dependent resistors
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is made from a piece of exposed semiconductor material. When light falls on it, it creates holeelectron pairs in the material, which improve the conductivity. 20M to a few Dr. Gheith Abandah hundred ohms

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Optical object sensing

Infrared LED and phototransistor

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The opto-sensor applied as a shaft encoder

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Ultrasonic object sensor

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Digital input
If a microcontroller is to receive logic signals, then it is essential that those signals are at voltage levels which are recognized by it as being either Logic 0

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Forms of signal corruption

(a) Spikes in signal, potentially harmful to device input. (b) Spikes in signal. (c) Excessively slow edges. (d) DC offset in signal.
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Input protection
For Rprot = 1K and max. diode current =20 mA What is the maximum voltage spike? Vmax = [(20mA 1 k ) + 5.3] Dr. Gheith Abandah 37 = 25V

Ensuring legal logic levels

Can use Schmitt trigger for speeding up slow logic edges. Schmitt trigger with RC filter can be used to filter voltage spikes. Digital filtering: sample the input three times and Dr. Gheith Abandah

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Isolation or level shifting with the opto-isolator

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Switch bouncing

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Hardware switch debouncing

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Software switch debouncing

Typically 10 ms

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Actuators: motors and servos

Often need to cause physical movement For linear movement use solenoids For angular movement, use servos For angular or rotary, use DC or Gheith Abandah Dr.

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Comparison
DC Motors Stepper Motors Range from the Simple interface with extremely powerful to digital systems the very small Can control speed and Wide speed range position Controllable speed Awkward start-up characteristics Good efficiency Lose torque at high Can provide accurate speed angular positioning Limited top speed with angular shafts Only the armature Less efficient winding needs to be Gheith Abandah Dr. More complex to drive44

Derbot DC Motor

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Servo input and output characteristics

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Interfacing to actuators
Simple DC switching
Bipolar transistors MOSFET transistors

Reversible switching
The H-bridge

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Bipolar transistor switching of DC resistive loads

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MOSFET transistor switching of DC resistive loads

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MOSFET transistor switching of DC inductive loads

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Characteristics of two popular logic-compatible MOSFETs

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Driving piezo sounder and opto-sensors

I = (5 3.4)/91 I = 17.6 mA

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Reversible switching: the Hbridge

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The L293D dual H-bridge

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The L293D applied in the Derbot motor drive circuit

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Summary
An embedded microcontroller must be able to interface with the physical world and possibly the human world as well. Much human interfacing can be done with switches, keypads and displays. To interface with the physical world, the microcontroller must be able to interface with a range of transducers. The designer needs an understanding of the main sensors and actuators available. Interfacing with sensors requires a reasonable knowledge of signal conditioning techniques. Interfacing with actuators requires a reasonable Dr. Gheith Abandah 56