Presented By : DOLLY MODI PARUL YADAV

Computing platform to run compatible software Consists of Hardware Architecture, OS, Programming Language(Software Framework) Place to launch software Logic code runs as long as the platform runs on top of other platforms Open Source Software Web Software Platforms

System software consisting of program and data that runs on computers Manages computer hardware resources Provides common services for application software execution Intermediary between application programs and computer hardware Found on cellular phones, video game consoles, web servers, supercomputers, etc.

Operating System Placement in a System

General: 1. Microsoft Windows 2. Unix

Mobile OS: 1. Android 2. Blackberry OS

Series of Operating Systems produced by Microsoft Windows 1.01 (Nov. 1985) to Windows 7 (Oct. 2009) Programmed in C, C++, and Assembly language GUI interface Home editions have better multimedia support and professional editions have better networking/security support

Screenshot of MS Windows 7 OS

Multi-user, multitasking OS Developed in 1969 by AT&T employees at Bell Labs Programmed in C Uses Command Line Interface (CLI) Client-server program model Hierarchical file system, treats devices as files Used in mainframe computers, workstations and servers Core System for Internet development

Open Source and Free OS Developed and distributed by various vendors such as Debian, Red Hat, etc. Around 85 to 120 viruses till date Free of Cost Market share less than 0.5% Based on CLI Can handle high server loads without compromising on speed

Closed Source Devloped and distributed by Microsoft More than 60,000 viruses have been detected Price ranges from 50 $ to 450 $ 92.63% market share GUI is an integral part Speed slows down considerably during high-stress

Unix

Windows

OS for smartphones and tablet computers Programmed in C (Core), Java (UI) Kernel-based OS : Master control program to start and stop services, manage file system, scheduling hardware access Features include 3D graphics library, multitouch, Wi-Fi hotspot, diverse connectivity Best-selling smartphone platform worldwide

Android Screen

Developed by Research in Motion for Blackberry smartphones Programmed in C++ Provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices like trackwheel, trackball, trackpad, touchscreen, etc. Best known for native support for corporate e-mail through Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, etc.

Blackberry OS Screen

Platform to build application-specific software Special user code providing specific functionality Collection of software libraries providing a defined Application Programming Interface (API) Code can be extended, but not modified Examples : .NET Framework, Java

Large library that supports several programming languages Each language can use code written in other languages Base Class Library contains user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, etc. Runs in Microsoft Visual Studio

Developed by Sun Microsystems System for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform environment Bundle of related programs to allow for developing and running programs written in the Java programming language Used in mobile phones, Web servers and enterprise applications and even supercomputers, and while less common on desktop computers

Computer software available in source-code form Contrary to ready-to-use, commercial software Source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license The license permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software

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Open Source Initiative (OSI) that indicates that the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public. OSI dictates that in order to be considered "OSI Certified" a product must meet the following criteria: The author or holder of the license of the source code cannot collect royalties on the distribution of the program. The distributed program must make the source code accessible to the user. The author must allow modifications and derivations of the work under the program's original name. No person, group or field of endeavor can be denied access to the program. The licensed software cannot place restrictions on other software that is distributed with it.

Builds developer loyalty as they feel empowered with a sense of ownership Less marketing and packaging cost More reliable as thousands of programmers keep testing and fixing the bugs

Less secure as hackers easily find loopholes Late defect discovery Unclear process Development and documentation not well-defined

Advantages

Disadvantages

WEB SERVERS WEB PROTOCOLS

Hardware or software that delivers content through the internet to the client Used to host websites or for data storage purposes in enterprises A client (web browser) initiates communication by making a request Server delivers the required web page Can also receive content from clients, e.g. uploading of files

Product
Apache IIS nginx GWS lighttpd

Vendor
Apache Microsoft

Web Sites Market Hosted Share 179,720,332 60.31%

57,644,692 19.34% 7.65% 5.09% 0.60%

Igor Sysoev 22,806,060 Google lighttpd 15,161,530 1,796,471

A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second depending on hardware and software limits of OS, cached status of the served content and its own settings. Overload leads to delayed service of requests, return of HTTP errors to clients, refusal of connection and sending of partial contents.

Too much legitimate web traffic - Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval. Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them); Internet (network) slowdowns- Client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached; Web servers (computers) partial unavailability - This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.

Managing network traffic by using firewalls and HTTP traffic managers Deploying Web cache techniques Using different domain names to serve different content: www.google.com images.google.com Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together so that they act or are seen as one big web server Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer; Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage; Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.;

First Web Server

Inside View of a Web Server

Set of rules and processes that govern the WWW Identifies digital message formats and the principles regarding how computer systems should send these messages between different systems. Server protocols dictate how these messages are sent and received in the client-server model Examples SMTP, HTTP, IP