.

Lets take a closer look at some natural forces..

References Books: .
An Introduction to Environmental Science. By S. Deswal and A. Deswal (Publication: Dhanpat Rai & Co. Delhi). Environmental Studies. By M. Tiwari, K. Khulbe and A. Tiwari I. K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, Delhi. OR Any basic book on Environmental Studies such as NCERT Biology or CBSE publication Biology

 Forest Ecosystem

 Forest Ecosystem:
Density of trees.
Worlds total land area is 13,076 million hectares - (Source: FAO; 1989) total forests - 31% of the worlds land area. In India, the forest cover is roughly 19% of the total land area. Role of forest: Nutrient cycling, Maintaining biodiversity Providing wildlife habitat Affecting rainfall patterns Regulating stream flow Storing water Reducing flooding Preventing soil erosion Reclaiming degraded land
Forest Ecosystem4

 Forest Ecosystem:
traditional values
Fire Wood & Timber. Fruits. Gums. Herbs & drugs.

Types of forest ecosystem:

1. Tropical rain forests 2. Tropical deciduous forests 3. Tropical scrub forests 4. Temperate rain forests 5. Temperate deciduous forests
5

1. Tropical rainforests
Annual rainfall- 2000 to
4500 mm.
- Found near equator - High temperature - Broad leaf trees - Trees - Teak & sandal - Animals -Lion, tiger & monkey
6

Tropical rain forest, Costa Rica

2. Tropical deciduous forests

little away from the equator

Warm climate and monsoon rain Trees Maple, oak & hickory
Animals deer, fox, rabbit and rat

10

3. Tropical scrub forests

- Dry climate for longer time - Have small deciduous trees and shrubs - Animals like deer, fox etc.

11

12

4. Temperate rain forests

Temperate area & adequate rain fall Annual rainfall is 750-2000 mm Soil is rich Trees pines, firs, red wood Animals squirrels, fox, cats, bear etc
13

14

5. Temperate deciduous forests

moderate temperatures Trees broad leaf oak, hickory Animals deer, fox & bear

15

16

Structure and function of a Forest Ecosystem

Biotic components:
1) Producers: trees. Tectona grandis, Acer, Betula, Picea, Pine, Cedrus, climbers, shrubs and ground vegetation.

17

2) Consumers:
a) Primary Consumers: Herbivores E.g.Ants, Beetles, Bugs, spiders etc. Animals : Elephants, Deer, giraffe etc. grazing on shoots and/or fruits of trees. b) Secondary Consumers: Carnivores: Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes, Foxes, etc. c) Tertiary Consumers: Secondary carnivores: Lion, Tiger, etc.

18

3) Decomposers:

Bacteria (Bacillus Sp., Clostridium sp., pseudomonas, etc.) Fungi (Aspergillus sp., Ganoderma sp., Fusarium, etc.)

Actinomycetes (Streptomyces, etc).

Abiotic components:
inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & atmosphere.
In addition dead organic debris is also found littered in forests.
19

Components of Forest Ecosystem:

Producers: Different tree species

Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem

Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem

20

21

Grasslands Ecosystem

Grassland Ecosystem (Terrestrial Ecosystem)

22

Grassland Ecosystem:
Grasslands (Greenswards) - vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earths surface.
3.9% of the geographical area of India

Grasslands occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts The annual rainfall 25- 75 cm, Usually seasonal

23

Grassland ecosystem.

Grassland near Kolhapur, Maharashtra

Alpine grass meadows mixed with scrub

Shrub-Savannah in Anamalai Hills

Indian Elephants-Elephas maximus in the grassland habitat

24

 The dominant animal species Wild horses, asses herd of Bison of America; and other large herbivores of Africa
Biotic components: 1) Producers: grasses , a few herbs & shrubs.

most common species of grasses :

Brachiaria sp., Cynodon sp., Desmodium sp., Digitaria 25 sp.

2) Consumers:
a) Primary Consumers: Herbivores such as Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits , insects, termites, etc

b) Secondary Consumers: Carnivores; Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.
c) Tertiary Consumers: hawks
26

3) Decomposers:

Bacteria; Fungi; Actinomycetes Abiotic components: These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & aerial environment. The essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc. are supplied by water, nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates present in soil & atmosphere.

27

Components of Grassland Ecosystem:

Producers: Different grass species

Consumers of Grassland ecosystem

Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem

28

29

DESERT

region that receives very little precipitation. <250 mm per annum. 30

Desert Ecosystem:
average annual rainfall of less than 250 millimeters per
year. It occupy about 17% of the earths surface. hot days & cold nights. scanty flora & fauna.

Soils of deserts often have abundant

nutrients but little or no organic matter.

The deserts of the world

South- western United States, Mexico, North America, Asia (Thar, Gobi, Tibet )
31

Deserts: Thar

32

33

Location

The desert is located 30 degrees latitude. Some deserts are in the Mountains. The Mojave desert - located in California.

34

1. Dry air & hot climate 2. Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm 3. Nutrients & organic matter is very poor in soil 4. Poor vegetation

Climate

35

Types of desert ecosystems

1. Tropical deserts i) Africa ii) Rajasthan Thar desert 2. Temperate deserts i) south california: Majave 3. Cold deserts i) china: gobi desert Very hot summer & very cool winter
36

Components of a Desert Ecosystem: 1. Biotic components:

1) Producers: mainly shrubs/bushes; some grasses & few trees.
Dominant plant species: Succulents (water retaining plants adapted to arid climate or soil conditions ) & hardy grasses. lower plants such as lichens & xerophytic mosses are also present. 2) Consumers: -insects, squirrels, mice, foxes, rabbits & reptiles which 37

3) Decomposers:
bacteria & fungi

2. Abiotic components:
1. Due to high temperature & very low rainfall, the organic substances are poorly present in the soil. 2. sun light, water etc

38

Desert Animals
Many animals live in the desert. These animals can survive in this hot weather. The camel, lizards, rattlesnakes, kangaroo rats

39

.
.

Desert Plants

cactus, saguaro, creosote bushes, and other plants.

40

Indian CobraNaja naja

Great Indian BustardArdeotis nigriceps

Black BuckAntilope cervicapra

JackalCanis lupus

41

.
An Oasis in the Desert Glaval land, a typical desert component in Kutchch

Wild AssEquus hemionus

Wasteland in Kutchch

42

Endemic vertebrates of the Thar

Common Name Mammals Asiatic Lion Wild Ass

Scientific Name

1. Panthera leo persica 2. Equus hemionus khu 3. Gerbillus gleodowi 4. Millardia gleadowi

Rodents

Bats Birds Whitebrowed Bushchat Reptiles

5. Scotoecus pallidus

Wild DogCuon alpinus

6. Saxicola macrorhyncha

Lizards

7. Ablepharus grayanus 8. Cyrtodactylus Kachhensis 9. Phynocephalus laungwalensis 10. Stenodactylus Orientalis

Snake Fishes Amphibians

11. Lytorlynchus paradoxus Nil Nil

Indian GazelleGazella benetti

43

44

45

Components of Desert Ecosystem:

Producers of Desert Ecosystem

46

Consumers of Desert Ecosystem

Salt Water
1. Ocean

2. Estuarine Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater:

1. Ponds
2. streams

3.Lakes
4. rivers
Aquatic Ecosystem
47

Aquatic Ecosystems: biotic community ? State of carbon dioxide & oxygen?

0.8% of the Earth's surface 41% of the worlds aquatic species ?

categorized into: Freshwater Ecosystem and Marine / salt water Ecosystem. Environmental functions.
48

Freshwater Ecosystems:
Three basic types of freshwater ecosystems:

Lentic: Pools, Ponds, and Lakes. Lotic: Streams and Rivers. Wetlands:

49

Pond Ecosystem:

Pond ecosystem? Characteristics of pond ecosystem 1.seasonal, 2. temporary, 3. polluted

Components of pond ecosystem 1.Biotic components: 1) Producers: 1. Phytoplankton: submerged, free floating aquatic plants algae, free floating aquatic plants like volvox, pandorina, anabaena, cosmarium etc.
50

2. Microphytes:
Large floating plants and submerged plants like hydrilla plants like hydrilla, jussiaea, wolfia, demna etc.

2) Consumers:
a) Primary consumers: zooplanktons (siliates, flagellates, other protozoan, very small fishes) and benthos. b) Secondary consumers: carnivores like insects like beetles and fishes c) Tertiary consumers: fishes feeding on small fishes.

3) Decomposers: bacteria, fungi and actinomyctes. Abiotic component:

inorganic as well as organic substances present in the bottom soil or dissolved in water. 51 In addition, to the minerals, some dead organic matter is also

Food Chains
. st level- zooplankton 1 2nd level- fishes 3rd level-birds

52

Trophic Levels
.

53

54

55

Herbivorous fishes are always preferred to carnivorous fishes .

Aristichthys nobilis

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

56

57

Lake Ecosystem: Lake Ecosystem? Characteristics of pond ecosystem . 1.Shallow fresh water body, 2. permanent water body with large water resources, 3. helps in irrigation and drinking Components of pond ecosystem 1.Biotic components: 1) Producers: Green plants, submerged, free floating and amphibious plants Example: phytoplankton, algae & flagellates

2) Consumers:
a) Primary consumers: These are zooplanktons (siliates, protozoan)
58

b) Secondary consumers: carnivores like insects and small fishes c) Tertiary consumers: These are the large fishes feeding on small fishes.

3) Decomposers: bacteria, fungi and actinomyctes. Abiotic component:

Temperature, light, proteins, lipids, turbidity, oxygen & CO2

Types of lakes:
1. Oligotrophic lakes 2. Eutrophic lakes 3. Dystrophic lakes 4. volcanic lakes 5. Meromictic lakes 6. Artificial lakes

59

Zones of lakes
A. littoral zones B. Limonitic zones C. Profundal zone D. Benthic zone

60

61

River / stream ecosystem

Water is well oxygenated absorbs oxygen from the air Characteristics of river ecosystem 1. Fresh water & free flowing water systems, 2. DO 3. large amount of nutrients Components of river ecosystem 1.Biotic components: 1) Producers: phytoplankton, algae, water grasses, aquatic masses & other amphibious plants 2) Consumers: a) Primary consumers: water insects, snails, fishes

62

b) Secondary consumers: carnivores : birds and

mammals c) Tertiary consumers: large fishes feeding on small fishes. 3) Decomposers: bacteria, fungi Abiotic component: Temperature, light, pH, nutrients, organic & inorganic compounds

63

64

geography.uoregon.edu/ .../SCRfig2-33web.jpg

65

Estuaries

66

Characteristics of estuarine ecosystem 1. Strongly affected by tides of the sea, 2. wide tolerance of living organism, 3. salinity high summer, low winter Components of estuarine ecosystem 1.Biotic components: 1) Producers: marsh grasses, seaweeds, sea grasses and phytoplakton 2) Consumers: oysters, crabs, seabirds, small fishes 3) Decomposers: bacteria, fungi & actinomycetes Abiotic component:
67

Estuaries
. Three

main types of estuaries can be recognized namely,

1. Positive .

2. Negative
3. Neutral

Geopmorphologically , the estuaries can be classified into 1. Drowned valleys, 2.Kayals 3. Deltas

.
68

. Estuaries are generally rich in nutrients needed for plant

and animal growth, especially nitrogen and phosphates

the estuarine system in Apalachee Bay (lower center), Florida. Salt marsh (grayish areas on both sides of the river), seagrass (submerged nearshore greenish dark regions), and oyster reef habitats (white linear features near 69 mouth of river)

A virtual boat trip down the Shark River Estuary

SRS-4: Freshwater ecotone, farthest from marine influence

70

.
A wetland in the lower reach of Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh Mangroves of Krishna Estuary during high tide

Exposed mudflat near the mouth of Krishna Estuary

Common fish catch from Krishna Estuary

71

Marine or Ocean Ecosystem:

71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers).

The salt concentration in an open sea is usually 3.5% due to ?

72

Zones of oceans

A) coastal zone
B) open sea 1) Euphotic zone 2) Bathyal zone 3) Abyssal zone (2000 5000 m) Characteristic features Occupies large surface area with saline water Commercial activity Rich in biodiversity

1. 2. 3.

73

 Biotic components: 1) Producers: phytoplankton's (diatoms, dinoflagillates), large seaweeds (mainly algae like chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae & rhodophyceae; angiosperms like Ruppia, Zostera, posidonia etc.), and mangrove vegetation (like Rhizophora, Carapa etc.) 2) Consumers: a) Primary consumers: herbivores :(Crustaceans, Mollusks, fish etc.) b) Secondary consumers: carnivorous fishes(Herring, Sahd and Mackerel) c) Tertiary consumers: top carnivorous fishes (Cod, Haddock, etc.) 3) Decomposers: bacteria, fungi
74

Abiotic components:

Inside Marine or Ocean Ecosystem:

75