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Agenda
Introduction WiWi-Fi Technologies WiWi-Fi Architecture WiWi-Fi Network Elements How a Wi-Fi Network Works WiWiWi-Fi Network Topologies WiWi-Fi Configurations Applications of Wi-Fi WiWiWi-Fi Security Advantages/ Disadvantages of Wi-Fi Wi-
Introduction
Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology, which is commonly used, for connecting devices in wireless mode. mode. WiWi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications 802. standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). (WLANs). WiWi-Fi Network connect computers to each other, to the internet and to the wired network. network.
The Wi-Fi Technology WiWiWi-Fi Networks use Radio Technologies to transmit & receive data at high speed: speed:
IEEE 802.11b
Appear in late 1999 Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum 11 Mbps (theoretical speed) - within 30 m Range 4-6 Mbps (actual speed) 100 -150 feet range Most popular, Least Expensive Interference from mobile phones and Bluetooth devices which can reduce the transmission speed.
IEEE 802.11a
Introduced in 2001 Operates at 5 GHz (less popular) 54 Mbps (theoretical speed) 1515-20 Mbps (Actual speed) 5050-75 feet range More expensive Not compatible with 802.11b
IEEE 802.11g
Introduced in 2003 Combine the feature of both standards (a,b) 100100-150 feet range 54 Mbps Speed 2.4 GHz radio frequencies Compatible with b
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Diffused Infrared (DFIR) - Wide angle
DSSS
Direct sequence signaling technique divides the 2.4 GHz band into 11 22-MHz channels. Adjacent channels overlap one another 22channels. partially, with three of the 11 being completely non-overlapping. non-overlapping. Data is sent across one of these 22 MHz channels without hopping to other channels. channels.
Listen before talking Avoid collision by explicit Acknowledgement (ACK) Problem: Problem: additional overhead of ACK packets, so slow performance
to
Send
Solution for hidden node problem Problem: Problem: Adds additional overhead by temporarily reserving the medium, so used for large size packets only retransmission would be expensive
Power Management
MAC supports power conservation to extend the battery life of portable devices Power utilization modes Continuous Aware Mode
Radio is always on and drawing power Radio is dozing with access point queuing any data for it The client radio will wake up periodically in time to receive regular beacon signals from the access point. point. The beacon includes information regarding which stations have traffic waiting for them The client awake on beacon notification and receive its data
Each pkt has a CRC checksum calculated and attached to ensure that the data was not corrupted in transit
Elements of a WI-FI Network WI The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or base station that can connect one or many wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet. Internet. They accept the wireless signal and relay information. information.They can be internal and external.(e.g PCMCIA external.(e. Card for Laptop and PCI Card for Desktop PC)
WiWi-Fi cards -
Safeguards -
Firewalls and anti-virus software protect antinetworks from uninvited users and keep information secure. secure.
Basic concept is same as Walkie talkies. talkies. A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point Wito an internet connection. connection. An access point acts as a base station. station. When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the Widevice can then connect to that network wirelessly. wirelessly. A single access point can support up to 30 users and can function within a range of 100 150 feet indoors and up to 300 feet outdoors. outdoors. Many access points can be connected to each other via Ethernet cables to create a single large network. network.
APAP-based topology (Infrastructure Mode) Peer-toPeer-to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode) (AdPoint-toPoint-to-multipoint bridge topology
APAP-based topology
The client communicate through Access Point. Point. BSABSA-RF coverage provided by an AP. AP. ESAESA-It consists of 2 or more BSA. BSA. ESA cell includes 10-15% overlap to allow 10-15% roaming. roaming.
Peer-toPeer-to-peer topology
AP is not required. Client devices within a cell can communicate directly with each other. other. It is useful for setting up of a wireless network quickly and easily. easily.
WiWi-Fi Configurations
WiWi-Fi Configurations
WiWi-Fi Configurations
WiWi-Fi Applications
Home Small Businesses or SOHO Large Corporations & Campuses Health Care Wireless ISP (WISP) Travellers
Wireless technology doesnt remove any old security issues, but introduces new ones
Eavesdropping
Easy to perform, almost impossible to detect By default, everything is transmitted in clear text
Usernames, passwords, content ... No security offered by the transmission medium Network sniffers, protocol analysers . . . Password collectors
With the right equipment, its possible to eavesdrop traffic from few kilometers away
MITM Attack
1.
2.
3.
Attacker spoofes a disassociate message from the victim The victim starts to look for a new access point, and the attacker advertises his own AP on a different channel, using the real APs MAC address The attacker connects to the real AP using victims MAC address
Denial of Service
Frequency jamming Not very technical, but works Spoofed deauthentication / disassociation messages can target one specific user SYN Flooding
WiWi-Fi Security
The requirements for Wi-Fi network Wisecurity can be broken down into two primary components: components: Authentication
Privacy
Authentication
Data (username & password) send before secure channel established Prone to passive eavesdropping by attacker Establishing a encrypted channel before sending username and password
Solution
Authentication (cont..)
Server Authentication
Digital Certificate is used Validation of digital certificate occurs automatically within client software
Service Set Identifier (SSID) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 802.1X Access Control Wireless Protected Access (WPA) IEEE 802.11i
SSID is used to identify an 802.11 network It can be pre-configured or advertised in prebeacon broadcast It is transmitted in clear text
Provide same level of security as by wired network Original security solution offered by the IEEE 802.11 802. standard Uses RC4 encryption with pre-shared keys and 24 bit RC4 preinitialization vectors (IV) key schedule is generated by concatenating the shared secret key with a random generated 24-bit IV 2432 bit ICV (Integrity check value) No. No. of bits in keyschedule is equal to sum of length of the plaintext and ICV
64 bit preshared key-WEP key128 bit preshared key-WEP2 key-WEP2 Encrypt data only between 802.11 stations.once it enters 802. stations. the wired side of the network (between access point) WEP is no longer valid Security Issue with WEP Short IV Static key Offers very little security at all
Authenticate each client connected to AP (for WLAN) or switch port (for Ethernet) Authentication is done with the RADIUS server, which tells the access point whether access to controlled ports should be allowed or not
AP forces the user into an unauthorized state user send an EAP start message AP return an EAP message requesting the users identity Identity send by user is then forwared to the authentication server by AP Authentication server authenticate user and return an accept or reject message back to the AP If accept message is return, the AP changes the clients state to authorized and normal traffic flows
User Authentication
802. 802.1x EAP RC4 RC4, dynamic encryption keys (session based)
WPAWPA-PSK
use pre-shared key preFor SOHO environments Single master key used for all users For large organisation Most secure method Unique keys for each user Separate username & password for each user
WPA Enterprise
Data is encrypted
Protection against eavesdropping and man-in-theman-in-themiddle attacks Attack based on fake massages can not be used. used. As a security precaution, if WPA equipment sees two packets with invalid MICs within a second, it disassociates all its clients, and stops all activity for a minute Only two packets a minute enough to completely stop a wireless network
Denial of Service
802.11i
Data encryption
Secure fast handoff-This allow roaming handoffbetween APs without requiring client to fully reauthenticate to every AP. AP. Will require new hardware
Advantages
Mobility Ease of Installation Flexibility Cost Reliability Security Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum Roaming Speed
Limitations