BY G VIJAYA KRISHNA REG NO.

08MR1A0417

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. COMPONANTS USED IN RFID TECHNOLOGY 2.1. ACTIVE TAGS 2.2. PASSIVE TAGS 2.3. RFID READER 3. CLASSIFICATION OF RFID BASED TECHNOLOGIES 3.1. TAG BASED TECHNOLOGY 3.2. READER BASED TECHNOLOGY 3.3. TRANSCEIVER FREE TECHNOLOGY

4. RFID TAG USED FOR LOCALIZATION AND TRACKING 5. PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY FOR LOCALIZATION AND TRACKING 5.1. TAG BASED SCHEME 5.2. TRANSCEIVER FREE SCHEME 6. ADVANTAGES 7. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Radio frequency (RF) technology uses electromagnetic

frequency spectrum between 3Hz and 300 GHz

RFID enables identification from a distance and it does so

without requiring a line of sight

RFID based jewellery management has been implemented

in numerous countries especially in Dubai and China

COMPONENTS USED IN RFID TECHNOLOGY

The RFID based localization and tracking uses two

components, the RFID tag and the reader

The RFID tags are mainly classified into two

categories: active tags and passive tags

ACTIVE TAGS
Active RFID tags have their own internal power source

which is used to power any ICs that generate the outgoing signal Active tags transmit at higher power levels than passive tags, allowing them to be more effective in "RF challenged" environments like water, metal Many active tags have practical ranges of hundreds of meters, and a battery life of up to 10 years

PASSIVE TAGS
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply
The minute electrical current induced in the antenna

by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response
The lack of an on-board power supply means that the

device can be quite small

RFID READER
An RFID reader reads data from the tags using a

defined radio frequency and protocol to transmit and receive data An RFID reader is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) The RFID reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from RFID tags, and then passes the data to a computer for processing

CLASSIFICATION OF RFID BASED TECHNOLOGIES

There are three main types of RFID based localization

and tracking in an indoor environment: 1. Tag Based Technology 2. Reader Based Technology 3. Transceiver Free Technology

TAG BASED TECHNOLOGY

LANDMARC was the first RFID tag based

Technology. The LANDMARC uses two different types of RFID tags: reference tags and tracking tags. The reference tags are used for purpose of localization, while the tracking tags are attached to the target objects.

READER BASED TECHNOLOGY

In most of the RFID applications the tag is attached to

the mobile tracked object and the readers are at fixed locations.
The location of the mobile user is determined from the

tag IDs (and possibly the RSS values) detected by the portable reader.

TRANSCEIVER FREE TECHNOLOGY

In this technology, the target object contains neither

the tag nor the reader and hence it is called transceiver free technology.
This method can be used in places where the usage of

tag or reader for tracking is not possible.

RFID TAG USED FOR LOCALIZATION AND TRACKING

The RFID tag generally used for localization and tracking is NOX-2 The NOX-2 RFID tag has a super-long read range

The operating

frequency is 860-960 MHz

PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY FOR LOCALIZATION AND TRACKING

The proposed model of localization and tracking in a

jewellery shop uses two schemes of RFID technology merged together. 1. TAG BASED scheme during the day time (9-21 hrs.). 2. TRANSCEIVER FREE scheme during the night time (21-9hrs)

TAG BASED SCHEME

Here every single object is attached with a passive tag

which has its own unique identification number

This number is fed to the reader and a database of all

the RFID tags present within the range to be localized is entered

TRANSCEIVER FREE SCHEME

Transceiver-free technology used to detect the objects

trajectory pattern without requiring the target to carry any device

Here the RFID reader and RFID tags are connected

through wireless signals

ADVANTAGES
Low cost
Provides real time monitoring and security Does not require line of sight

CONCLUSION
This article presents an overview of our proposed model which uses dual schemes of RFID for localization and tracking. The model uses lowcost approaches to localize the target object with or without a device attached to the target. Thus the merged RFID technology paves way for numerous advantages over the existing models and can be touted to be one of the best of its kind in this field.

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