Strategic inflection points in telephone industry

-IDENTIFICATION OF SIP -PAST SIP

Letter service

Message use to get delivered in written form

Use to take long time to reach the respective address.

Telegram services
A message delivered in written or printed form.

Telegram services were the only way to convey

information speedily over very long distances. Telegrams were often used to confirm business dealings and were commonly used to create binding legal documents for business dealings. The western union company(United States of America), General Post Office(GPO) in great Britain.

Telegraph services(SIP)

The non-electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe in 1794.

This system was visual and used semaphore for communication. The optical telegraph was replaced by the electric telegraph. Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph in 1837. Telegraph started in 1851, the same year Western Union began business. Till 1877 all rapid long distance communications depends on telegraph

TELE-FAX

FOUNDED IN 1843 1st usage of tele-fax : connected Paris and Lyon in 1865 11 years before the invention of telephones. It was an improvement in producing and regulating electric

currents and in electric printing and signal telegraphs.

Telephone(landline) (SIP)
In 1871 Antonio Meucci filed for a patent for the telephone but

that was an acoustic one. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 Bell approached western union president William Orton with the proposal of selling off the patent of telephone for $100,000. Orton turned down the offer after underestimating the importance of the potential of the telephone. Graham established commercial telephone services in 1877. Simultaneous invention of microphone(transmitter), signal amplifiers and speaker(receiver). Characteristics of the telephone:

Short distance (carry signal) 20 miles at most

Telephone (improvements)
Year:1877
Financially backed by western union, Edison introduced the first carbon microphone that produce louder and clear signals. Hence Edison created loud speaking receivers.

Year:1881
First long distance telephone service is introduced by Bell Telephone Co. Copper wire used to make long distance telephone calls.

Year:1882
F Van Ryssellberghe, a Belgium engineer invented anti-interference choke

Year:1885 AT&T leased phones to homes and offices to maintain ownership and control over the technology and they continued till 1984. Year:1915 first coast to coast telephone call started

Handheld mobile phones (SIP)

Cellular technology:
First mobile telephone call is made from a car on 1946 in USA. Prior to 1973, cellular mobile phone technology was limited to

phones installed in cars and other vehicles. In the year 1973, Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call (in front of reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone. The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. (the 1G generation)

Handheld mobile phone

Digital technology:
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems

emerged, primarily using the GSM standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission. era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phone. (the 2G generation )

Handheld mobile phone

High speed IP data networks and mobile broadband technology:
Growing demand of greater internet data speed led to the

3G generation technology. the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission

Handheld mobile phone

Internet protocol technology:
elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP

network
The first two commercially available technologies billed as

4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

Satellite mobile phone

Satellite technology:
Earth-orbiting satellites can cover remote areas out of reach of wired

networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic. The Inmarsat satellite telephone system, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, is now also useful for areas out of reach of landline, conventional cellular, or marine VHF radio stations.

In 1998 the Iridium satellite system was set up, and although the initial operating company went bankrupt due to high initial expenses, the service is available today.

Cloud computing and social computing

Technical aspect of the improvements in telephone system

The phones installed before 20th century used twisted copper wires which

was known as the loaded system. The cost of installing the copper wires use to took up one fourth of the AT&Ts budget in the late 19th century. It use to absorb large amount of electrical energy produced by the transmitter , which use to distort the original quality. The radio telephone links created the first long distance service between England and US in 1927. The third major improvement was coaxial cables in 1940s that reduced the interference and increased the calling capacity for the telephone system. In 1950, microwave stations were established that was based on radar technology that could carry almost 20,000 phone conversations. In 1970, the first fiber optics cable were developed that used laser light travelling through glass instead of electrons travelling through copper. Telecommunication satellites for transcontinental service were then introduced.

Telephone(pricing)
Initial pricing for leasing out to the household is $20 a year and that of

the business unit is $40 a year. However it was too expensive for the working class. Then the multiplexing technology, that had been developed by western union for upgrading the telegraphing in the year 1913, indirectly helped to upgrade the telephonic activities. Thus by the end of a century, 17 calls can be handled simultaneously with one copper wire instead of one call per copper wire. Hence the cost dropped. In the present scenario, the only ones that can take advantage of digital transmission at this point are companies that can afford to pay for the installation of expensive high-bandwidth phone lines and high speed switching systems. Estimates for rewiring every household in the U.S. with fiber optic cables has been estimated at $100-325 billion.