HH

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
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XML Introduction DTD and Validity Attribute Declarations in a DTD Entities and External DTD subsets Embedding non XML data Namespaces DOM and SAX Parsers Schemas
by FaaDoOEngineers.com
WHAT IS XML ?

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language It is a set of rules for defining semantic tags. It is a markup language which defines a syntax to define domainspecific, semantic and structured markup languages
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INTRODUCTION
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XML
Technology for creating markup languages Enables document authors to describe data of any type Allows creating new tags
HTML limits document authors to fixed tag set
WHY XML ?
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Light weighted document Supports cross platform User friendly language Supports Unicode Describes structure and semantics Does not focuses on formatting Can validate the document
INTRODUCTION TO XML MARKUP

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XML document (intro.xml)

Marks up message as XML Commonly stored in text files
Extension .xml
An Example Intro.xml
1 2 3 4 5 6 <myMessage> 7 <message>Welcome to XML!</message> 8 </myMessage> Line numbers are not part of XML document. We include them for clarity. Document begins with <?xml version = "1.0"?> declaration that specifies XML version 1.0  Comments 
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Fig. Simple XML document containing a message.
INTRODUCTION TO XML MARKUP (CONT.)

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XML documents

Must contain exactly one root element
Attempting to create more than one root element is erroneous Incorrect: <x><y>hello</x></y> Correct: <x><y>hello</y></x>
Elements must be nested properly
PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS

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XML parser
Processes XML document

Reads XML document Checks syntax Reports errors (if any) Allows programmatic access to documents contents
PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS (CONT.)

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XML document syntax
Considered well formed if syntactically correct

Single root element Each element has start tag and end tag Tags properly nested Attribute (discussed later) values in quotes Proper capitalization
Case sensitive
PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS (CONT.)

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XML parsers support

Document Object Model (DOM)
Builds tree structure containing document data in memory Generates events when tags, comments, etc. are encountered
Simple API for XML (SAX)
Events are notifications to the application
PARSING AN XML DOCUMENT WITH MSXML

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XML document
Contains data Does not contain formatting information Load XML document into Internet Explorer
Document is parsed by msxml. Places plus (+) or minus (-) signs next to container elements

Plus sign indicates that all child elements are hidden Clicking plus sign expands container element
Displays children
Minus sign indicates that all child elements are visible Clicking minus sign collapses container element
Hides children
Error generated, if document is not well formed
XML DOCUMENT SHOWN IN IE.
ERROR MESSAGE FOR A MISSING END TAG.

CHARACTERS
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Characters that may be represented in XML document
e.g., ASCII character set

Letters of English alphabet Digits (0-9) Punctuation characters, such as !, - and ?
Carriage returns Line feeds Unicode characters
Enables computers to process characters for several languages
CHARACTERS VS. MARKUP

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XML must differentiate between
Markup text
Enclosed in angle brackets (< and >)
e.g,. Child elements
Character data
Text between start tag and end tag
e.g., Fig., line 7: Welcome to XML!
LIFE OF AN XML DOCUMENT

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XML adhere to a series of rules about how they look like. There are two levels of conformity to the XML standard.
Well formedness Validity
Editors. Parsers and Processors. Browsers and Other Tools.
RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

XML doesnt operate in a vacuum. Using XML as more than a data format requires interaction with a no. of related technologies. This includes:
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HTML CSS XSL URLs and URIs XLinks and XPointers The Unicode Character Set
DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITIONS AND VALIDITY
DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITION (DTD)

Data sent along with a DTD is known as valid XML. Data sent without a DTD is known as well-formed XML. With both valid and well-formed XML, XML encoded data is selfdescribing since descriptive tags are intermixed with the data.
DTDs help ensure that different people and programs can read each others files. The DTD defines exactly what is and is not allowed to appear inside a document.
DTD FOR OUR SIMPLE XML
A DTD consists of a left square bracket character ([) followed by a series of markup declarations, followed by a right square bracket character (]).
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<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes" ?> <!DOCTYPE Simple [ <!ELEMENT Simple ANY>
]
> <Simple> This is the most simplest XML document I have ever seen </Simple>
DTD DECLARATIONS
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Element type declarations Attribute-list declarations Entity declarations Notation declarations Processing declarations Comments Parameter entity references
HELLO XML WITH DTD

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<?xml version=1.0 standalone=yes?> <! DOCTYPE GREETING [ <! ELEMENT GREETING (#PCDATA)> ]> <GREETING> Hello XML! </GREETING>
LISTING THE ELEMENTS
The first step to creating a DTD appropriate for a particular document is to understand the structure of the information that will be encoded using the elements defined in the DTD.
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<?xml version=1.0 standalone=yes ?> <Root> <Element 1> <Element 11> </Element 11> </Element 1>
</Root>
ELEMENT DECLARATIONS
Each tag used in a valid XML document must be declared with an element declaration in the DTD. This specifies the name and possible contents of an element. This list of contents is also called the content specification. * - may occur more than once (Zero or More Children) ? may or may not occur (Zero or One Children) + - must occur at least once (One or More Children)
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ATTRIBUTE DECLARATIONS IN DTDS
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SPECIFYING DEFAULT VALUES FOR ATTRIBUTES
Instead of specifying an explicit default attribute value, an attribute declaration can be provided a value, allow the value to be omitted completely, or even always use the default values. These requirements are specified with the three keywords

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#REQUIRED #IMPLIED #FIXED
EMBEDDING NON XML DATA
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NOTATIONS
The first problem that we encounter when working with non-XML data in an XML document is identifying the format of the data and telling the XML application how to read and display the nonXML data. For ex., it would be inappropriate to try to draw an MP3 sound file on the screen. Furthermore, no application understands all possible file formats. Ideally, we want documents to tell the application the format of the external entity so you dont have to rely on the application recognizing the file type by a magic number or a potentially unreliable file formats.
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NOTATION

It is used to provide a fixed and mandatory value to an attribute. The value is declared in the notation which can have a path using SYSTEM or a string using PUBLIC.
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EXAMPLE OF NOTATION
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!ELEMENT IMAGES (IMAGE+) > <!ELEMENT IMAGE (#PCDATA) > <!NOTATION iPATH SYSTEM "C:\windows\a.bmp" > <!ATTLIST IMAGE SRC NOTATION (iPATH) #REQUIRED>
USING NOTATION
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE IMAGES SYSTEM "C:\N.dtd"> <IMAGES> <IMAGE SRC="iPATH">abc</IMAGE> </IMAGES> Note Because XML processor cannot parse bmp files, we need to use an external program for displaying or editing them. When the parser encounters a usage of the notation line name, it will simply provide the path of the application.
by FaaDoOEngineers.com 3/22/2012
CONDITIONAL SECTIONS
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Include declarations
Keyword INCLUDE Keyword IGNORE Parameter entities

Exclude declarations
Often used with entities
Preceded by percent character (%) Creates entities specific to DTD Can be used only inside DTD in which they are declared
XML NAMESPACES
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CONFLICTING ISSUES
Namespaces ensure that element names do not conflict, and clarify who defined which term.
Namespaces do not give instructions on how to process the elements.
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Readers still need to know what the elements mean and decide how to process them.
Namespaces simply keep the names straight.
XML NAMESPACES
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Naming collisions
Two different elements have same name <subject>Math</subject> <subject>Thrombosis</subject> Differentiate elements that have same name <school:subject>Math</school:subject>
Namespaces
<medical:subject>Thrombosis</medical:subje ct> school and medical are namespace prefixes

Prepended to elements and attribute names Tied to uniform resource identifier (URI)
Series of characters for differentiating names
XML NAMESPACES (CONT.)

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Creating namespaces
Use xmlns keyword

xmlns:text = urn:deitel:textInfo xmlns:image = urn:deitel:imageInfo
Creates two namespace prefixes text and image urn:deitel:textInfo is URI for prefix text urn:deitel:imageInfo is URI for prefix image Default namespaces
Child elements of this namespace do not need prefix xmlns = urn:deitel:textInfo
XML SCHEMAS
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XML SCHEMA

To define the structure of an XML document. defines the list of elements and attributes than can be used in an XML Document It also specifies the order in which these elements appear in the XML document and their datatypes Microsoft has developed this XML Schema Definition (XSD) language It has become w3c recommendation for creating valid XML documents.
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INTRODUCTION
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XML Path Language (XPath) Syntax for locating information in XML document
L & K India - Education
e.g., attribute values Not structural language like XML XSLT XPointer
String-based language of expressions
Used by other XML technologies

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EXAMPLE FOR NODES

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Root node 2 3  Comment nodes 4  5 6 <book title = "C++ How to Program" edition = "3"> 7 Element nodes 8 <sample> 9 <![CDATA[ Attribute nodes 10 11 // C++ comment 12 if ( this->getX() < 5 && value[ 0 ] != 3 ) 13 cerr << this->displayError(); 14 ]]> 15 </sample> Text nodes 16 40 17 C++ How to Program by Deitel & Deitel 18 </book>
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LOCATING NODES
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XML documents can be represented as a tree view of nodes XPath uses a pattern expression to identify nodes in an XML document. An XPath pattern is a slash-separated list of child element names that describe a path through the XML document. The pattern "selects" elements that match the path. The following XPath expression selects all the price elements of all the cd elements of the catalog element:
/catalog/cd/price
If the path starts with a slash ( / ) it represents an absolute path to an element.

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WHAT IS XSLT ?

XSLT stands for XSL Transformations XSLT is the most important part of XSL XSLT transforms an XML document into another XML document XSLT uses XPath to navigate in XML documents XSLT is a W3C Recommendation
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XSL - MORE THAN A STYLE SHEET LANGUAGE

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XSL consists of three parts:

XSLT - a language for transforming XML documents XPath - a language for navigating in XML documents XSL-FO - a language for formatting XML documents
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XSL
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3/22/2012 L & K India - Education
PRESENTING XML
There are two style sheet languages available for use with XML in Internet Explorer
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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Extensible Style Language (XSL)
An important point to consider in choosing a style sheet language for a particular document is whether the structure of the XML document is suitable for display. With CSS, the structure of the XML content must be virtually identical to the structure of the presentation. Since one of the goals of XML is a complete separation of content from display, many XML documents are difficult to display as you might wish using CSS.
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BROWSERS SUPPORTING XML AND XSLT.

Mozilla Firefox

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As of version 1.0.2, Firefox has support for XML and XSLT (and CSS).
Mozilla
Mozilla includes Expat for XML parsing and has support to display XML + CSS. Mozilla also has some support for Namespaces. Mozilla is available with an XSLT implementation.
Netscape
As of version 8, Netscape uses the Mozilla engine, and therefore it has the same XML / XSLT support as Mozilla. As of version 9, Opera has support for XML and XSLT (and CSS). Version 8 supports only XML + CSS.
Opera
Internet Explorer
As of version 6, Internet Explorer supports XML, Namespaces, CSS, XSLT, and XPath. Version 5 is NOT compatible with the official W3C XSL Recommendation.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CSS AND XSL ?
XML does not use predefined tags (we can use any tagnames we like), and the meaning of these tags are not well understood. A <table> element could mean an HTML table, a piece of furniture, or something else - and a browser does not know how to display it. XSL describes how the XML document should be displayed!

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:

HTML limits document authors to fixed tag set

INTRODUCTION TO XML MARKUP

XML document (intro.xml)

Fig. Simple XML document containing a message.

INTRODUCTION TO XML MARKUP (CONT.)

Must contain exactly one root element

Elements must be nested properly

PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS

Processes XML document

PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS (CONT.)

XML document syntax

Considered well formed if syntactically correct

PARSERS AND WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS (CONT.)

XML parsers support

Document Object Model (DOM)

Simple API for XML (SAX)

Events are notifications to the application

PARSING AN XML DOCUMENT WITH MSXML

Error generated, if document is not well formed

XML DOCUMENT SHOWN IN IE.

ERROR MESSAGE FOR A MISSING END TAG.

Characters that may be represented in XML document

e.g., ASCII character set

Letters of English alphabet Digits (0-9) Punctuation characters, such as !, - and ?

Carriage returns Line feeds Unicode characters

Enables computers to process characters for several languages

CHARACTERS VS. MARKUP

XML must differentiate between

Enclosed in angle brackets (< and >)

e.g,. Child elements

Text between start tag and end tag

e.g., Fig., line 7: Welcome to XML!

LIFE OF AN XML DOCUMENT

Editors. Parsers and Processors. Browsers and Other Tools.

DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITIONS AND VALIDITY

DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITION (DTD)

DTD FOR OUR SIMPLE XML

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes" ?> <!DOCTYPE Simple [ <!ELEMENT Simple ANY>

HELLO XML WITH DTD

LISTING THE ELEMENTS

ATTRIBUTE DECLARATIONS IN DTDS

SPECIFYING DEFAULT VALUES FOR ATTRIBUTES

#REQUIRED #IMPLIED #FIXED

EMBEDDING NON XML DATA

Keyword INCLUDE Keyword IGNORE Parameter entities

Often used with entities

<medical:subject>Thrombosis</medical:subje ct> school and medical are namespace prefixes

Series of characters for differentiating names

XML NAMESPACES (CONT.)

Use xmlns keyword

Child elements of this namespace do not need prefix xmlns = urn:deitel:textInfo

L & K India - Education

String-based language of expressions

Used by other XML technologies

EXAMPLE FOR NODES

L & K India - Education

L & K India - Education

If the path starts with a slash ( / ) it represents an absolute path to an element.

XSL - MORE THAN A STYLE SHEET LANGUAGE

XSL consists of three parts:

L & K India - Education

3/22/2012 L & K India - Education