Professional Documents
Culture Documents
nd 22
Chapter 9
Im still grading your retakes its taking more to export them, average them, then re-upload them than I thought
Prepared Learning
Behaviors that are learned easily and by all (or nearly all) individuals
Animals dont consciously try to maximize their reproductive success, yet they behave as if they do?
Rules of Thumb
Relatively
Pleasure
Rules of Thumb
Pleasures,
success
Not
9.5 A general theory of kindness helps explain the evolution of apparent acts of altruism.
Does
unconditional love exist in the animal kingdom? behaviorsbehaviors that come at a cost to the individual doing the behavior while benefiting the recipient.
Altruistic
Darwin
Natural
Altruistic-appearing Fatal
to his theory?
toward close relatives: kin selection (population survival) toward unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism (help you in the future)
Kindness
Hamiltons Rule
Altruistic-appearing
behavior will occur when the benefits to close relatives are greater than the cost to the individual performing the behavior. are really acting in their own genes best interests.
They
According to Hamiltons rule, if an individual could only help one person, who would they prefer to help?
1. 2. 3. 4. Son with a flat tire Aunt with a flat tire Cousin with a flat tire Stranger with a flat tire
According to Hamiltons rule, if an individual could only help one person, who would they prefer to help?
1. 2. 3. 4. Son with a flat tire Aunt with a flat tire Cousin with a flat tire Stranger with a flat tire
End day 18
Who are people most likely to bequeath money to upon their death?
fitness fitness
The reproductive output brought about by altruistic behaviors toward close kin
Inclusive
fitness
Conflicts
Because
different individuals do not share all of the same alleles, we should always expect some conflict. gestational diabetes mother is producing a THOUSAND times the normal amount of insulin
Example:
9.7 Apparent altruism toward unrelated individuals can evolve through reciprocal altruism.
Vampire Bats
In many cases, individuals give blood to unrelated individuals. How might this behavior have arisen? First, -recognize more than a hundred distinct individuals. Second, -receive blood donations from non-relatives reciprocate significantly more than average. And third, -not familiar with each other (and do not have a history of helping each other) generally do not regurgitate for each other.
Were all born with a spare kidney, yet virtually no one donates theirs to non-relatives in need.
Why?
Why is it easier to remember gossip than physics equations? - it helps us survive if we recognize cheaters
9.8 In an alien environment, behaviors produced by natural selection may no longer be adaptive.
Behaviors favored by natural selection over evolutionary time can cause individuals to behave in a way that reduces their fitness.
Good Karma?
If we donate money to save the children or another international charity, is this a purely altruistic behavior?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
9.10 There are big differences in how much males and females invest in reproduction.
female produces the larger gamete. A male produces the smaller gamete.
The
Why do males usually compete for females rather than the opposite?
About how much greater is the male reproductive output with three mates when compared to the female?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2 times greater 4 times greater 6 times greater 8 times greater 10 times greater
About how much greater is the male reproductive output with three mates when compared to the female?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2 times greater 4 times greater 6 times greater 8 times greater 10 times greater
in female mammals
Evolution of Differences in Male/Female Behaviors 1) Extent of energetic differences in the reproductive investment 2) Paternity uncertainty
also has profound influence on reproductive behavior