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VISUALIZING INFORMATION IN MAP FORM FOR DECISION MAKING 1. Do you use Web-based map services to get directions and find the location of buildings? If so, why? 2. In what ways could real estate agents take advantage of the features of a GIS? 3. How could GIS software benefit a bank wanting to determine the optimal placements for ATMs?
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INTRODUCTION
o Phases of decision making
1. Intelligence find or recognize a problem, need, or opportunity 2. Design consider possible ways of solving the problem 3. Choice weigh the merits of each solution 4. Implementation carry out the solution
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EASIEST
MOST DIFFICULT
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CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
1. Decision Support Systems
Learning outcome #1
Learning outcome #1 Learning outcome #2
3. Expert Systems
4. Neural Networks and fuzzy Logic
Learning outcome #3
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CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
5. Genetic Algorithms
Learning outcome #4
Learning outcome #5
6. Intelligent Agents
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Components of a DSS
o Model management component consists of both the DSS models and the model management system o Data management component stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use o User interface management component allows you to communicate with the DSS
McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of a DSS
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
o DSSs and GISs support decision making; you are still completely in charge o Artificial intelligence, the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior, can replace human decision making in some instances
Expert systems Neural networks (and fuzzy logic) Genetic algorithms Intelligent agents (or agent-based technologies)
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EXPERT SYSTEMS
o Expert (knowledge-based) system an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion o Used for
Diagnostic problems (whats wrong?) Prescriptive problems (what to do?)
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Fuzzy Logic
o Fuzzy logic a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information o Used to make ambiguous information such as short usable in computer systems o Applications
Googles search engine Washing machines Antilock breaks
McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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GENETIC ALGORITHMS
o Genetic algorithm an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem
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INTELLIGENT AGENTS
o Intelligent agent software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer-related tasks o Types
Information agents Monitoring-and-surveillance or predictive agents Data-mining agents User or personal agents
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Information Agents
o Information Agents intelligent agents that search for information of some kind and bring it back o Ex: Buyer agent or shopping bot an intelligent agent on a Web site that helps you, the customer, find products and services you want
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Monitoring-andSurveillance Agents
Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents intelligent agents that constantly observe and report on some entity of interest, a network, or manufacturing equipment, for example
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Data-Mining Agents
Data-mining agent operates in a data warehouse discovering information
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User Agents
o User or personal agent intelligent agent that takes action on your behalf o Examples:
Prioritize e-mail Act as gaming partner Assemble customized news reports Fill out forms for you Discuss topics with you
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Agent-Based Modeling
o Agent-based modeling a way of simulating human organizations using multiple intelligent agents, each of which follows a set of simple rules and can adapt to changing conditions o Multi-agent system groups of intelligent agents have the ability to work independently and to interact with each other
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Business Applications
o Southwest Airlines cargo routing o P&G supply network optimization o Air Liquide America reduce production and distribution costs o Merck distributing anti-AIDS drugs in Africa o Ford balance production costs & consumer demands o Edison Chouest deploy service and supply vessels
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Swarm Intelligence
Swarm (collective) intelligence the collective behavior of groups of simple agents that are capable of devising solutions to problems as they arise, eventually leading to coherent global patterns
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