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p
= A
ps
/bd
p
= reinforcement ratio
b = width of compression face
d
p
= d (effective depth) of prestressing steel
Members with bonded tendons and non-prestressed bars:
( )
p pu
ps pu p
c p
f
d
f f
f d
(
'
= +
( `
'
(
)
1
1
e e
|
and
y c y c
f / f f / f
' ' ' '
= = e e
and refer to compression reinforcement,
s
A
' ' '
e
( )
shall be taken
pu
p p
c p
f
d
. , d . d
f d
(
' '
+ > s
(
'
(
017 015 e e
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios s 35:
but not greater than f
py
or greater than f
pe
+ 420 MPa
f
pe
= stress in A
ps
at P
e
=
e
ps
P
A
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios > 35:
but not greater than f
py
or greater than f
pe
+ 210 MPa
Loss of prestress
(a) Prestessing steel seating at transfer
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(f) Friction loss due to intended or
unintended curvature of post-tensioning
tendons
Limits on reinforcement in flexural
members
Classify as tension-controlled, transition, or
compression-controlled to determine |
Total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed
reinforcement in members with bonded
reinforcement must be able to carry 1.2
cracking load
Minimum bonded reinforcement A
s
in
members with unbonded tendons
Except in two-way slabs, A
s
= 0.004A
ct
A
ct
= area of that part of cross section
between the flexural tension face and
center of gravity of gross section
Distribute A
s
uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to
extreme tensile fiber
Two-way slabs:
Positive moment regions:
Bonded reinforcement not required where tensile
stress f
t
s
Otherwise, use A
s
=
N
c
= resultant tensile force acting on portion of
concrete cross section in tension under effective
prestress and service loads
Distribute A
s
uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to extreme
tensile fiber
'
c
. f 0 17
c
y
N
. f 0 5
Two-way slabs:
Negative moment areas at column supports:
A
s
= 0.00075A
cf
A
cf
= larger gross cross-sectional area of slab-
beam strips in two orthogonal equivalent
frames intersecting at the columns
Distribute A
s
between lines 1.5h on outside
opposite edges of the column support
Code includes spacing and length requirements
Two-way slabs
Use Equivalent Frame Design Method
(Section 13.7)
Banded tendon distribution
Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association
Development of prestressing strand
development length
= transfer length
=
e
se pe
ps
P
f f
A
Shear for prestressed concrete members is
similar to that for reinforced concrete
members, but it takes advantage of
presence of prestressing force
Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zone
design
Load factor = 1.2 P
pu
= 1.2P
j
P
j
= maximum jacking force
| = 0.85
Strength evaluation of existing structures
(Chapter 20)
Strength evaluation of existing structures
(Chapter 20)
When it is required
When we use analysis and when perform a load test
When core testing is sufficient
Load testing
A strength evaluation is required
when there is a doubt if a part or all of a structure
meets safety requirements of the Code
If the effect of the strength deficiency is well
understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensions and material properties required for
analysis, analytical evaluations of strength
based on those measurements can be used
If the effect of the strength deficiency is not well
understood or if it is not feasible to establish the
required dimensions and material properties by
measurement, a load test is required if the
structure is to remain in service
Establishing dimensions and material
properties
1. Dimensions established at critical sections
2. Reinforcement locations established by
measurement (can use drawings if spot
checks confirm information in drawings)
3. Use cylinder and core tests to estimate
'
c
f
Core testing
If the deficiency involves only the
compressive strength of the concrete
based on cylinder tests
Strength is considered satisfactory if:
1. Three cores are taken for each low-strength
test
2. The average of the three cores >
3. No individual core has a strength <
.
'
c
f 085
.
'
c
f 075
Steel
Reinforcing and prestressing steel may be
evaluated based on representative material
If analysis is used, values of | may be
increased
Tension-controlled 0.90 1.0
Compression controlled 0.75 and 0.65
0.90 and 0.80
Shear and torsion 0.75 0.80
Bearing 0.65 0.80
Load test procedure
Load arrangement:
Select number and arrangement of spans or
panels loaded to maximize the deflection and
stresses in the critical regions
Use more than one arrangement if needed
(deflection, rotation, stress)
Load intensity
Total test load = larger of
(a) 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(L
r
or S or R)
(b) 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(L
r
or S or R)
(c) 1.3D
In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,
except for garages, places of assembly, and
where L > 4.8 kN/m
2
L may be reduced as permitted by general
building code
Age at time of loading > 56 days
Loading criteria
Obtain initial measurements (deflection,
rotation, strain, slip, crack widths) not more
than 1 hour before application of the first
load increment
Take readings where maximum response is
expected
Use at least four load increments
Ensure uniform load is uniform no arching
Take measurements after each load
increment and after the total load has been
applied for at least 24 hours
Remove total test load immediately after all
response measurements are made
Take a set of final measurements 24 hours
after the test load is removed
Acceptance criteria
No signs of failure no crushing or spalling
of concrete
No cracks indicating a shear failure is
imminent
In regions without transverse reinforcement,
evaluate any inclined cracks with horizontal
projection > depth of member
Evaluate cracks along the line of
reinforcement in regions of anchorage and
lap splices
Acceptance criteria
Measured deflections
At maximum load:
24 hours after load removed:
,
A s
2
1
20 000
t
h
A
A s
1
4
r
=
=
MIN(distance between supports, clear span + )
2 x span for cantilever
t
h
Acceptance criteria
If deflection criteria not met, may repeat the
test (at least 72 hours after first test)
Satisfactory if:
A
A s
2
5
r
A =
2
maximum deflection of second test relative to
postion of structure at beginning of second test
Provision for lower loading
If the structure does not satisfy conditions or
criteria based on analysis, deflection, or shear,
it may be permitted for use at a lower load
rating based on the results of the load test or
analysis, if approved by the building official
Case study
1905 building
Chicago, Illinois
USA
Cinder concrete
floors
Load capacity OK for use
as an office building?
Safety shoring
Deflection
measurement
devices
Load through
window
Moving lead ingots through the window
Load stage 14
Findings
Floor could carry uniform load of
2.4 kN/m
2
Building satisfactory for both apartments (1.9
kN/m
2
) and offices (2.4 kN/m
2
)
Summary
Overview
Prestressed concrete
Strength evaluation of existing structures
118
Figures copyright 2010 by
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1221 Avenue of the America
New York, NY 10020 USA
Figures copyright 2011 by
American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA
Duplication authorized or use with this presentation only.
David Darwin, Ph.D., P.E.
Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor
Director, Structural Engineering & Materials Laboratory
Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering
2142 Learned Hall
Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-7609
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu