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CASTER
Effects of Caster
Uneven Caster will cause the vehicle to pull towards the side with less Caster (more Negative -) degree or more
Usually degree or more on the downhill side. Caster trail is the distance between the caster line and the tire point of contact.
CAMBER
Camber
The more camber you have, the more the load is placed on the outside of the tire. Excessive positive or negative camber can cause tire wear on the edges
Effects of Camber
Influences on Camber
Uneven Loading Body roll during turns Road Crown Rough road Surfaces Suspension Wear Suspension Damage Tire size Caster
Cross Camber should never exceed degree Camber will pull to the most positive side Camber Roll
Caster angle may produce a change in the camber angle when the wheels are turned
Toe
Darting
Darting
Wanter
Toe
Toe in = Darting
Effects of Toe
Tire wear
Scuffing sideways
Scuffing is Drag and hop!
Directional control angle Can cause shimmy! Diagonal Wipe on the rear tires if toe is excessive
Lots of rotations!
City driving can cause unusual tire wear that might be blamed on Toe problems!!
SAI
Steering Axis Inclination
SAI
SAI
Effects of SAI
< Spec
< Spec > Spec
> Spec
> Spec < spec
Diagnosis with SAI Strut Suspensions SAI Correct Correct < spec < spec Camber < spec > Spec > Spec >Spec IA < spec > Spec Correct > Spec Diagnosis Bent spindle or strut Bent spindle or strut Bent control arm or strut Bent control arm or strut or spindle. strut tower out at top strut tower in at top
< spec < spec > Spec < spec > Spec > Spec
< spec correct Strut tower in at top > Spec Strut tower in at top And bent spindle & strut
0 bump steer
3 factors affect bump steer Tie rod length Relative heights of inner and outer tie rod ends Steering arm length
Effects of: Larger tire smaller tire deep dish wheel Larger Scrub = harder to turn and increased wear Smaller Scrub = easy turns Braking stability - Negative has greater directional stability Positive decreases braking stability (aftermarket rims)
Turning Angle
Setback
Thrust
The End