Training Course WDM Principle V1.0-20080902

WDM Principle
Yangmingzhang 42198
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of the transmission capacity and service
categories are becoming bigger and bigger, under this

background, WDM technology emerged.
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber; Outline the key technologies of WDM system; List the technical specifications for WDM system.
Page3
Contents
1. WDM Overview 2. Transmission Media 3. Key Technologies 4. Master Limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications
Page4
How to increase network capacity

WDM Economical & Mature & Quick
TDM STM-16 STM-64 Cost & Complication
SDM Add fiber & equipment
Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion
Page5
What's WDM
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
Page6
WDM Concept
Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a fiber for transmission.
1
SDH signal IP package ATM cells
1 2
2 n
Page7
System Structure
The overall structure of the WDM system of Npath wavelength:
Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)

Optical Amplifier (OA) Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU LA PA O D U
OTU OTU OTU OSC OSC OSC O M U BA
OTU OTU
Page8
Transmission Modes
Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX
M 4 0
DMUX
Page9
M 4 0
O T U
O T U
Transmission Modes
Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX
DMUX/MUX
Page10
M 4 0
O T U
M 4 0
O T U
Application Modes
Open System
MUX
M 4 0
DMUX
Client
M 4 0
Page11
O T U
O T U Client
Application Modes
Integrated System
MUX
M 4 0
DMUX
Client
M 4 0
Client
Page12
Advantages of WDM

Ultra high capacity Data transparency transmission Long haul transmission Compatible with existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio

High networking flexibility, economy and reliability Smooth expansion
Page13
CWDM vs. DWDM
CWDM: Coarse wavelength division multiplexing
spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 20 nm
DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing
spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz
ITU-T G.694.1
192 wavelengths at the extended C band with 25 GHz channel spacing 160 wavelengths at C band 32 extended wavelengths
192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz
196.05THz
Page14
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
Page15
Questions
What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM? Difference between the two transmission modes Difference between the two application modes List the structure of the WDM system.
Page16
Summary
Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM; WDM system structure ; Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Page17
Contents
1. WDM Overview 2. Transmission Media 3. Key Technologies 4. Master limitation of DWDM system
Page18
Structure of Optical Fiber
Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction n2
Cladding
Reflection
n1
Core
Coating
Page19
Characteristics of Fiber
Loss
Dispersion
Non-linear
Page20
Characteristics of Fiber Loss
Fiber loss is classified into:
Absorption loss Scattering loss Bending loss
The fiber loss can be calculated according to the following

formula:
Fiber loss (dB) = fiber length (km) x fiber loss coefficient (dB/km)
Page21
Attenuation
dB/km Multi-mode
5
4 3
O band
S C L U
850~900nm
OH-
2
1
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
nm
Attenuation varies with wavelengths. The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is generally called "water peak". As we can see, the attenuation in C band and F band is the lowest.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page22
Wavelength Ranges in WDM

Band O band Description Original Range (nm) 12601360 Bandwidth (nm) 100
E band
S band C band L band U band
Extension
Short Normal Long Ultra-long
13601460
14601525 15251565 15651625 16251675
100
65 40 60 50
In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the lowest.
In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation is not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission.
Page23
Characteristics of Fiber Dispersion
Fiber dispersion can be classified into:
Mode dispersion Chromatic dispersion Polarization mode dispersion
Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused

when various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the signal have different group velocity and
disperse from each other during propagation.
Page24
Chromatic Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion:
pulse broadening, cause intersymbol interference
Power Optical pulses
Transmitting L1 (km)
Transmitting L2 (km)
The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to the following formula:
Time
CD (ps/nm) = fiber length (km) x CD coefficient (ps/km.nm)

Page25
PMD
PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at different speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical parameters related to optical fibers. PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable. PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse broadening.
Page26
G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode Optical Fibers

According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655 respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table:
Type
Definition
Scope
Main Specifications
G.652
The standard single-mode fiber Used in both SDH (SMF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM zero-dispersion point (the zerosystem dispersion wavelength) is near to 1310 nm.
Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.30.4 dB/km and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is 0.170.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20 dB/km. Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is 13001324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is positive and the typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17 ps/(nm.km). The maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).
G.653
Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers to the fiber whose zerodispersion point is near to 1550 nm. Compared with G.652 SMF, the zero-dispersion point of G.653 DSF shifts.
Used in the SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less system but not in the than 0.55 dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. DWDM system The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and the typical value is 0.190.25 dB/km. Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm, usually 15251575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5 ps/(nm.km). The dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or may be 0 for 1550 nm bands, especially C band.
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not (NZDSF) refers to the fiber system and DWDM specified in ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band G.655 whose zero-dispersion point is system, but more is less than 0.35 dB/km, usually 0.190.25 dB/km. shifted away from 1550 nm and applicable to the Dispersion: If 1530 nm < < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D()| not within the DWDM operating DWDM system < 6.0 ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion wavelength range near to 1550 coefficient of the G.655 NZDSF varies with vendors and needs Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page27 nm. to be confirmed based on actual situations, usually 4.5
Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need dispersion compensation for high rate transmission
Dispersion coefficient
G.653: Zero dispersion at 1550nm window.
17ps/nm.km
G.655
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion to avoid FWM.
Page28
Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Optical Fibers
Fiber Non-linear effects can be classified into:
Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM)
Page29
SRS
Short wavelength, pump, and long wavelength
P
Impacts on the system: Power unbalance in the channel
Inter-channel Raman crosstalk
l
Input Output
Page30
SBS
A non-linear phenomenon causing the strong forward transmission signal converted to backward transmission when the signal optical power exceeds the SBS threshold
SBS power threshold: 9 dBm for single wavelength channel
Impacts on the system: When the value exceeds the threshold, strong backward scattering is caused and intensity noise is repeated.
Page31
XPM/SPM
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)
The phase varies with the strength of light and is transformed into waveform distortion. The impact varies directly with incident power in the channel and is accumulated along the fiber and transmission sections.
Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Phase modulation is affected by other channels and the change of phase due to fiber dispersion causes intensity noises. Increase the channel spacing to suppress XPM.
FWM
Definition: Two or three lightwaves with different wavelength interact with each other, which causes new lightwaves at other wavelengths or causes new optical wavelength effect on the sideband.
Fiber
f1
f3 f2
f1fFWMf3 f2
Impacts: When the new frequency generated by FWM is within the channel bandwidths, the channel strength may fluctuate and interchannel crosstalk may occur. Factors: dispersion, channel number, channel spacing and signal power
Page33
Note!
Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or compensated for. So they should be restricted as much as possible!
Page34
Questions
Whats difference between the refractive index of the

cladding and core?
What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers? What problems may occur when optical signals are transmitted in single-mode fibers?
Page35
Summary
Structure of optical fiber

Types of optical fiber
Characteristics of optical fiber
Page36
Contents
1. WDM Overview 2. Transmission Media 3. Key Technologies 4. Master limitation of WDM system
Page37
WDM System Key Technologies
Optical Source/receiver
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM
Optical Amplifier
Supervisory Technologies/code technology
Page38
Requirements of Optical Source
Larger dispersion tolerance value
Standard and stable wavelength
Page39
Direct modulator
Page40
Electro-Absorption (EA) external modulator
Page41
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator
Page42
Comparison of Modulators
Types Max. dispersion toleration (ps/nm) Cost Wavelength Stability Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator >12800
1200~4000
7200~12800
moderate good
expensive better
very expensive best
Page43
Wavelength Tunable Technology
Wavelength Tunable Principle
The wavelengths corresponding to the refractive index and maximum gain of semiconductor materials vary with the temperature, pressure, carrier potency, and field strength. Changing these factors can realize tunable wavelengths.
Change the temperature and carrier potency and then combine with such technologies as MEMS, microelectronics, and lightwave circuits to produce
various tunable technologies.
Advantages of Wavelength Tunable Technology
Reduction of spare parts stock Flexible networking
Page44
Classification of Wavelength Tunable Sources
Based on the number of tunable wavelengths:
4-wavelength, 8-wavelength, 20-wavelength, 40-wavelength, 80-wavelength, 160-wavelength
Based on the frequency spacing:
100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz
Based on the appearance and structure

Laser type: the appearance is similar to a common laser. Module type: tunable laser + locker + control circuit
Based on the manufacturers
Fujitsu, ioLon, Agility, Intel, BandWidth9, Princeton Optronics, Bookham, GTRAN, QDI, Santur, Vitesse
Page45
Wavelength Tunable Technology

Thermally tune single DFB (~3nm tuning) Tunable DBR
SGDBR (eg Agility)

GCSR (eg Altitun) External cavity (Iolon) Integrated DFB (NEC) Electrically pumped MEMs-VCSEL ( BW9) Optically pumped MEMs-VCSEL (Coretek) MEMs-DFB array (Santur)
Page46
Code Modulation Technology

Conventional code modulation technology (NRZ)

New code modulation technology
Simple, low-cost, and mature NRZ for transitional code elements, sensitive to transmission damage, and inapplicable to high-speed ultralong-haul DWDM transmission Commonly applied in mid- and short-haul DWDM transmission systems
Reduce OSNR tolerance.

Add dispersion tolerance and PDM tolerance.
Suppress pulse distortion caused by non-linear effect of the fiber.
Applied in long-haul DWDM transmission systems.
CRZ, DRZ, ODB, DQPSK
Page47
Comparison of coding technologies with 10 Gbit/s rate

Coding Technology Advantage Disadvantage Application
NRZ
Narrow spectral width Simple structure of modulation and demodulation Low cost
Low ability to prevent nonlinear effects High OSNR tolerance Low dispersion tolerance Wide spectrum bandwidth Does not support 25 GHz system Low dispersion tolerance Does not support wavelength adjustable
Applied to the system with 10 Gbit/s or lower rate and to short-and-medium distance transmission Applied to the system with 10 Gbit/s and to longdistance transmission
SuperCRZ
Great ability to prevent nonlinear effects Lower OSNR tolerance than that of NRZ
Narrow spectrum bandwidth Supports 25 GHz system High dispersion tolerance Great ability to prevent nonlinear effects Supports wavelength adjustable Cost effective High dispersion tolerance Great ability to prevent nonlinear effects Supports wavelength adjustable
SuperDRZ
Applied to the system with 10 Gbit/s and to longdistance transmission
ODB
If the optical power of signals that are just transmitted into the optical fiber is great, the transmission distance decreases because of dispersion limited. The ODB is not applied to long-distance transmission. Page48
Applied to 10 Gbit/s metropolitan area network
Comparison of coding technologies with 40 Gbit/s rate
COMPARE ITEM
NRZ
ODB
DRZHW) NRZDPSK
RZDQPSK
DP-QPSK
OSNR CD tolerance PMD tolerance $$ 50GHz
Non-linear
tolerance
Page49
Receiver
PIN
lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher overload point
(usually about 0 dBm); applicable to short-distance transmission
APD
higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower overload point (usually about -9 dBm); applicable to long-distance transmission
Page50
FEC Technology
Forward Error Correction Technology
The transmit end adds redundant error correction codes and the receive end decodes and corrects errors to eliminate errors on the circuit. Reduce the OSNR tolerance of the receiver. The reduced OSNR tolerance is called code gain. The FEC capability varies directly with the code gain.
Classification of FEC Technology

In-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.707, code gain: 3 dB to 4 dB Out-of-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.975/709, code gain: 5 dB to 6 dB
Extremely robust FEC: no standard is available currently, highest code gain: 7 dB to 9 dB
Page51
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA
Raman Fiber Amplifier
OA
Page52
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm signal light
E2 meta-stable state
Stimulated radiation
980nm pump light
1550nm signal light
E1 ground state
Er3+ energy level diagram
Page53
Structure of EDFA
Signal input
TAP
ISO
Coupler
EDF
ISO
TAP
Signal Output
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator PD: Photon Detector
Page54
Features of EDFA
Advantages Disadvantages
Consistent with the low
Fixed gain range Gain un-flatness Optical surge problem
attenuation window
High energy conversion
efficiency
High gain with little cross-talk Good gain stability
Page55
Automatic Gain Control

1~ n
1~ n
Gain
Pin
EDF A Pout Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable
Input Power: Pin

splitter
PIN
coupler pump DSP
EDF splitter
PIN
Output Power: Pout
Page56
Main Performance Parameters of EDFA

Amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE) Noise figure (NF) = (S/N) in / (S/N) out 3 dB Gain (G) = 10lg (Pout/Pin) (dB) Gain flatness: gain balance Bandwidth
Page57
Raman Fiber Amplifier
Stimulated Raman Scattering

Gain Pump
30nm 13THz
Gain
Pump1Pump2Pump3
30nm 70~100nm Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page58
Features of Raman
Advantages Disadvantages
Flexible gain wavelength Simple structure Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost;
Components & fiber
undertake the high power;
Low noise
Page59
Application of OA
OTU
OTU
M 4 U 0 X
OA
M OA 4 0
M OA4 0
D M M 4 U 0 X
OTU
OTU
Booster amplifier
Line Amplifier
Pre-amplifier
Page60
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Fiber
Technologies of WDM/WDD Diffraction grating technology Medium film technology Coupler technology Arrayed waveguide technology
Main parameters of WDM/WDD

Insertion loss Channel isolation Channel bandwidth
Polarization dependent loss
Page61
Diffraction Grating
Grin lens 1 2 3
grating
7 8
Input light (1, 2... 8)
Page62
Thin Film Filter
1- 4
filter
Self-focusing lens
3 filter
4 1
Glass
Page63
Coupler Multiplexer
1 2 3 4 5 6 .
IN

OUT
13 14 15 16
Page64
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1n
1 1,2 n n Arrayed of fibers
Page65
Interleaver
Divide a channel of signals with f frequency spacing into two

channels of signals with 2f frequency spacing, and then the signals are output from two channels.
It is applied in WDM/WDD that needs denser channel

spacing.
50/100GHz
25/50GHz
50/100GHz
Page66
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

OAMD
OADM can be classified into two types:
FOADM: fixed OADM (arranged in series or parallel, or hybrid) ROADM: reconfigurable OADM (further classified into broadcast and select, or into demultiplexing and switch/multiplexing)
Page67
Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (FOADM)
Low costs
FOADM I
Multiple-layer dielectric film technology Serial OADMs
Simple structure Maximum of 16 wavelengths
EREG
FOADM II
AWG technology Parallel OADMs
Supporting online upgrade

100% wavelength add/drop
Page68
ROADM: Broadcast and Select
Input signals are sent from the left side and divided into two channels of signals (broadcast) after passing through the demultiplexer.
The dropped channel is selected by a device such as a tunable filter and then the filter drops the selected channel of signals. The straight-through channel passes through WB and is selected and filtered. This channel of signals and the add channel of signals are coupled and output.
Page69
ROADM: Demultiplexing/Switch/Multiplexing
All input wavelengths are demultiplexed and crossconnected to the proper output interfaces (drop or straightthrough) and then combined.
Page70
Supervisory Technologies
OSC
Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC
Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology
Page71
Optical Supervisory Channel
Requirements:
1510 nm / 1625 nm wavelengths signal rate: 2.048 Mbit/s receiver sensitivity: 48 dBm signal code: CMI transmitting power: 0 dBm to 7 dBm
Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping wavelength of OA. Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window. Available when OA fails; Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC
S C C
M 4 0
M 4 0
Page72
OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4
F I U
F I U
OSC OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4 S C C
Typical frame structure of OSC

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS1 4 TS1 5 TS1 6 TS31
TS0
TS1 TS2
FA
E1 byte F1 byte
TS17
TS18 TS19
F2 byte
F3 byte E2 byte
TS14
TS3-TS13, TS15
ALC byte
D1-D12 bytes
Others
Reserved
Page73
Electrical Supervisory Channel
Features:
Simple structure & cost saving
Redundancy supported
Improve power budget Reduce system complexity
M 4 0
M 4 0
Page74
S C C
OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4
OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4
S C C
Questions
What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?

How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?

What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
Page75
Summary
Optical source
Optical amplifier Optical multiplexer Supervisory technologies
Page76
Contents
Page77
Restriction Factors of WDM

WDM
Restriction factors
Optical power
dispersion
Optical signal-tonoise ratio
Non-linear DHD JGDJ effect DJ
Page78
Optical Power Budget
Fiber loss (dB) = P output (dBm) P input (dBm) = distance
(km) x a (dB/km)
A. Loss coefficient
In the 1550 nm window, the loss coefficient of G.652 and G.655
fibers is: a = 0.22 dB/km.

S
P output Distance L (km) R P input
Station A
Station B
Page79
Power Topics

Optical amplifier technology Reduction of system insertion loss
Page80
Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion (ps/nm) = distance (km) x dispersion coefficient (ps/nm.km)
G.652 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 17 ps/nm.km G.655 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 4.5 ps/nm.km
Chromatic dispersion is the main factor. In long-haul transmission, the dispersion compensation module (DCM) is adopted for dispersion compensation.
OMS
Distance L (km)
Station A
Station B
Page81
Dispersion Compensation Technology
Dispersion compensation modes:
Optical domain dispersion compensation
Electrical dispersion compensation
Dispersion management soliton
Page82
Optical Domain Dispersion Compensation
To reduce the impact of the chromatic dispersion, adopt the DCM to compensate for the accumulated dispersion on the fiber. Currently, the dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) in the DCM is used for dispersion compensation. Dispersion slope compensation Broadband dispersion compensation
Dispersion coefficient
G.652
Wavelength Common DCF DSCF: dispersion slope compensation fiber
PMD is generated randomly and is hard to be compensated.
Page83
OSNR
OTU M 4 0
Power (dBm)
OA
OTS 1
OA
OTS 2
OA
OTS 3
OA
OTS 4
OA
OTS 5
OA
M D 4 4 0 0
OTU
OTU
OTU
Psignal PASE
Distance (km)
OSNR (dB) Distance (km)

OSNR
Increase the system signal-to-noise ratio
Raman amplification technology Pre-amplifier with low noise + booster amplifier with high gain
Reduce the requirement on signal-to-noise ratio for the system
New code modulation technology Forward error correction (FEC) coding technology
Page85
The OSNR requirement of different FEC and encoding modes

rate FEC mode FEC FEC AFEC Encding mode NRZ NRZ NRZ CRZ DRZ ODB NRZ CRZ DRZ ODB DRZ OSNR requirement 26 20 18 16 14.5 16 20 17.5 17 19 16.5 LM40 CD tolerance is 4000ps/nm LBE(S) remark
10Gbit/s
AFEC AFEC AFEC AFEC AFEC 10GE AFEC AFEC 40Gbit/s AFEC
AFEC
ODB
17
Page86
Non-Linear Technology

New code modulation technology Dispersion management technology Fiber-input power control Channel spacing technology
Page87
Contents
Page88
Related ITU-T recommendations

G.652 G.655
Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF Relevant recommendations of OA
G.661/G.662/G.663 G.671
Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957
G.691
Optical interfaces relating to SDH system

Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
G.692 G.709 G.975
Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN) Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
Page89
Transmission Channel Reference Points
Page90
Questions
Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems?
Page91
Thank you
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WDM Principle

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

categories are becoming bigger and bigger, under this

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

How to increase network capacity

WDM Economical & Mature & Quick

TDM STM-16 STM-64 Cost & Complication

SDM Add fiber & equipment

Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The overall structure of the WDM system of Npath wavelength:

Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)

Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)

OTU OTU OTU OSC OSC OSC O M U BA

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Single fiber unidirectional transmission

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Single fiber bidirectional transmission

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

High performance-to-cost ratio

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

CWDM vs. DWDM

CWDM: Coarse wavelength division multiplexing

spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 20 nm

DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structure of Optical Fiber

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Fiber Loss

Fiber loss is classified into:

Absorption loss Scattering loss Bending loss

The fiber loss can be calculated according to the following

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

Wavelength Ranges in WDM

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Fiber Dispersion

Fiber dispersion can be classified into:

Mode dispersion Chromatic dispersion Polarization mode dispersion

Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused

disperse from each other during propagation.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

pulse broadening, cause intersymbol interference

Power Optical pulses

The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to the following formula:

CD (ps/nm) = fiber length (km) x CD coefficient (ps/km.nm)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.