1 © NOKIA WCDMA Fundamentals - PPT/10.06.2003 / NN

WCDMA Fundamentals
MODULE 1
NOKIA
WCDMA Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN
Module Objectives
At the end of this module the participant will be able to:
Describe the usage of scrambling and channalisation codes Describe how different bit rates can be achieved
Describe how the capacity and coverage are connected to each others
Describe different Handover types Describe Power Control procedures Explain the tasks of Admission Control, Load Control, Packet Scheduler and interconnections between them
NOKIA
IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
GSM 1800
UMTS (FDD)
Mobile Satellite
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
Japan
IMT-2000
PCS unlicensed
Mobile Satellite
PCS
PCS
USA
NOKIA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
Mobile Satellite
DECT
Mobile Satellite
UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
NOKIA
Hierarchical Cell Structure

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
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Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Spectral efficiency
Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity
Different quality requirement s
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
Efficient packet data

6 NOKIA WCDMA Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN
WCDMA Technology
3.84 MHz
f 5 MHz
Frequency
WCDMA Carrier
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
NOKIA
Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Spreading Code
Chip
+1 -1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1
-1
+1
Data
-1
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Energy Box
Originating Bit Received Bit
Duration (SF)
Energy per bit = const

Spreading & Processing Gain

Bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
Mchip R SF const W 3.84
sec
Gp: BUu: BBearer: rate SF: processing gain system chip rate bearer symbol spreading factor
G p dB
BU u BBaerer
W SF R
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Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power Frequency
High bit rate user
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
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DL & UL Channalisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between different channels can be guaranteed, e.g. downlink channels under one cell, uplink channels from a single user; uplink signals from different users are not time synchronised. Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment
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SF= 1
Channelisation Code Tree ... SF=256 SF=512 SF= SF= SF= SF=1
2 4
C4(0)=[1111] C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C2(0)=[11] C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
8
C8(0)=[11111111]
C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1 ] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(0)=[......... ...] C16(1)=[......... ...] C16(2)=[......... ...] C16(3)=[......... ...] C16(4)=[......... ...] C16(5)=[......... ...] C16(6)=[......... ...] C16(7)=[......... ...] C16(8)=[......... ...] C16(9)=[......... ...] C16(10)=[......... ..] C16(11)=[........... ] C16(12)=[....... ....] C16(13=[........ ...] C16(14)=[....... ....] C16(15)=[....... ....]
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

S preading factor C hannel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 C hannel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DP H DC channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes
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DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separition Generated with the shift register of length 18 (218-1=262 143 codes can be generated) The first 8192 first codes from 262 143 code set are exclusively used in DL, they are organised into hierarhical groups: 512 Primary Scrambling Codes 51215 Secondary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated: Long scrambling codes created from the Gold pseudo-noise sequence (length of 38 400 chips) Short scrambling codes generated by the quaternary S(2) pseudo-noise sequence (256 chips are periodicaly repeted to get the scrambling code of the frame length) For the common physical channels long scrambling codes must be used For the dedicated channels both long and short scrambling codes can be used
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Spramblin g code C1
C1+2
Spramblin g code C2
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RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Finger Finger Output Finger
Cell-2
Rx Finger Delay 2 Delay 3
t
Code used for the connection Delay 1
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Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Code family
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Micro Diversity
MS RAKE Receiver
Node B RAKE Receiver
Summed signal
Micro Diversity Points

max ratio combining is used
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Macro Diversity in the RNC

Active cell set
Node B
Macro Diversity Point

selection combining is used Node B
S-RNC
Core Network
Node B
D-RNC
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Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilization of the radio resources:
Transmission power Logical codes Bandwidth
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time: as many users as possible will get the resources in such a way, that the minimum required quality is meet (nothing less and nothing more) By means of several RRM functionalities, the radio resources are continuously monitored and optimize.
service quality
Optimization and Tailoring
cell coverage
cell capacity
Radio Resource Management

RRM must be able to: Predict the impact on interference (power) of the admitting a new user for UL & DL Power
Overload
Load Target Overload Margin
Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call admissions, bit rate increase/decrease etc.) in accordance with prevailing load conditions
Provide different quality of service for real time (RT) and non-real time (NRT) users Take appropriate corrective action when the different cell load thresholds are exceeded in order to maintain cell stability (i.e. load control)
Time
Estimated capacity for NRT traffic Measured load caused by non-controllable load (RT)
RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

RRM Functionalities
LC RM PS AC
Network based functions
AC - Admission Control LC - Load Control
PS Packet Scheduler
PC RM - Resource Manager
HC
Connection based functions
PC - Power Control
HC - HO Control
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Admission Control
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of existing connections Determines whether or not a new RT RAB can be admitted to the RAN With PS decides whether to admit NRT RABs (PS handles all NRT connections)
Also sets

UL/DL BLER, Ec/No targets SIR target for outer loop power control Initial DL transmission power for the channel Radio Link Control parameters, e.g. transmission mode Transport Channel (TrCH) parameters, e.g. TFS
Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

25 NOKIA
Bearer class Traffic handling priority Transport Formats MS capabilities

Admission Control
AC Procedure
Allowed Range
...
Radio Access Bearers on the air interface
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Admission Control
25
Interference Margin (dB)
20
15
Defines the limit (the first UL overload threshold) for the UL interference margin, after which the BS starts its load control actions to prevent overload.
Planned uplink interference margin; defines the optimum operating point up to which the AC can operate.
10
Offset
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Load
Load Control
Cell load is defined as a function of interference main criterion in WCDMA The load control function within RRM can be divided into:

Preventive load control (e.g. congestion) Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
The load control functionality is done by measuring both UL (received interference) and DL (transmit power) periodically on a cell basis Load control is performed for UL and DL separately (asymmetric traffic) Preventive actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y) Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x) RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell and with surrounding cells
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Load Control
Overload Control Preventive Load Control
Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y
Power
Time
Estimated capacity for NRT traffic. Measured load caused by non-controllable load (RT)
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Load Control
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS (LC works as glue between these two functions) Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

Interference levels BTS power levels Non-controllable load
Load change info
AC
LC
Load status
NRT load
PS
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Packet Scheduler
A non-real time call constitutes of a bursty sequence of packets. The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT packets .
packet service session packet call
In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DCH or FAC
time reading time
packet size
packet arrival interval
Packet Scheduler
Responsible for scheduling radio resources for both UL and DL NRT RABs Scheduling period defined by RNP parameters PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and PS
Total Load controllable load power Overload threshold Target threshold
non-controllable load Capacity allocated on a needs basis time using best effort approach PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing conditions & accurate (up-to-date load info)
Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports (governed by RNP parameters) PS comprises two parts: MS specific & Cell specific
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Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS also responsible for: TFCS selection Initial channel selection based on RNP parameters & RLC buffer load;
small amounts of NRT data sent on control channels (Cell _FACH state) long and frequent data sent on dedicated channels (Cell _DCH state)
Queuing of unscheduled NRT capacity requests (queuing algorithm) Capacity request handling policy Increasing/decreasing user bit rates (governed by RNP parameters) PS preventive & overload actions
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Packet Scheduler
Radio network planning parameters Periodical cell measurements Periodical radio link measurements
Packet scheduler
Updated power estimations Control of traffic volume measurements
RB setup/reconfiguration/release information
Traffic volume measurements (triggers for DCH allocation)
DCH allocations for NRT RB
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Resource Manager
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in cooperation with AC and PS On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:

DL spreading code UL srambling code

Code Type Scrambling codes Uplink User separation Downlink Cell separation
Users within one cell Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE
Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

Initial code selection codes concentrated to the same branch Code re-fragmentation dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave the system
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Power Control (PC)
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
Closed Loop Power Control
MS
BS
Outer Loop Power Control
RN C
Power control in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;

UEs transmit continuously WCMDA often uses 1 frequency Poor PC leads to increase interference > reduced capacity
From BTS perspective every UE accessing network increase interference WCMDA capacity is proportional to interference level > minimise interference PC maintains link quality by adjusting UE (UL) and BTS (DL) powers every slot Mitigates 'near far effect', by providing minimum required power for each connection UEs and BTSs should always be at the lowest possible transmission power PC utilises Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) independently for each connection
Provides protection against shadowing and fast fading

Open Loop Power Control

Controlled by UE Determines how much power UE should use during random access procedure (UL) Network informs UE of current network status; CPICH power (RNP parameter)
UL required C/I ratio (RNP parameter) UL interference
UE uses these parameters to calculate initial power of RACH preamble If access request is not detected power of preamble is increased in steps After detection of MS signal, the initial SIR is calculated in RNC MS Output Power AIC H
Preamble Mesage Part
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
RACH
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Fast Loop Power Control

Located in BTS and UE Controls the power of the dedicated physical channels Power control changes can occur every slot (i.e. 1500 times per second) BTS and UE continuously compare recevied SIR with SIR target and inform each other to either increase or decrease its power (using TPC commands)
Without Power Control

Received power at BS Received power at BS MS4
With Optimum Power Control
MS3 MS1 MS2
MS2 MS1 MS3 MS4
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
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Closed Loop Power Control

Adjusts the SIR for every user based on BER/FER observation. Initial, max. and min. SIR values are set by AC Needed to track changes in radio environment Aims to provide required quality UL quality evaluation is made after MDC RNP parameters control the threshold comparison process for SIR target and the reporting of these results If SIR target reaches its maximum (I.e. radio conditions deteriorate even though SIR target is inceased, system has to take action; inter-frequency / inter-system handover RRC connnection release
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Handover Control
HC is responsible for: Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the network Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM. Soft handover: MS handover between different base stations. Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between different sectors. Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thus providing a way to improve call quality during handover. However, this feature has a direct impact on network capacity and therefore is a trade-off between quality and capacity. It has also an effect to coverage due cell breathing. Optimisation has an important role in controlling the handover performance during the pre-launch optimisation (initial setting). This role is especially essential in continuous optimisation when traffic increases and levelling of traffic between base stations becomes more important.
Hanover Control
Received signal strength BS1 Base station
diversity
Threshold
BS2
BS3
BS1
Distance from BS1 BS3
BS2
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Handover Control
Soft(er) Handover Intra-System
WCDMA to WCDMA
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency Intra-frequency
Intra-layer Inter-layer Intra-layer Inter-layer Intra-layer Inter-layer
Hard Handover
Inter-System (Inter-RAT)
WCDMA to GSM WCDMA to GPRS GSM to WCDMA GPRS to WCDMA
Requires Compressed Mode
Hard Handover
Inter-frequency
Intra-layer Inter-layer
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Cell Breathing
Relative cell size 100% 80% 60%
8 kbps 128 kbps
Traffic load has direct effect on the cell size
144 kbps 144 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps
40% 20% 0% 0 0.1
64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps Large coverage
Radio Resource Management provides means to control cell breathing in network optimisation
Increased load 800 kbps Decreased coverage
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Traffic load factor

WCDMA Key Benefits

Soft Handover
Call is connected before handover is completed, reducing the probability of a dropped call Basic CDMA benefit => the wider the transmitted bandwidth compared to the user datarate the less power is needed for the transmission RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all RRM building blocks are closely related to each other Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE receiver
Processing Gain
Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Multipath Signal Processing
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WCDMA Fundamentals

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Hierarchical Cell Structure

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity

Different quality requirement s

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Efficient packet data

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Chips & Bits & Symbols

Chip Spreading Code

Energy per bit = const

Spreading & Processing Gain

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

Mchip R SF const W 3.84

Processing Gain Examples

Power density (W/Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

DL & UL Channalisation Codes

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes

DL & UL Scrambling Codes

Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Node B RAKE Receiver

Micro Diversity Points

Macro Diversity in the RNC

Macro Diversity Point

Radio Resource Management

Optimization and Tailoring

Radio Resource Management

RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

AC - Admission Control LC - Load Control

Connection based functions

Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

Bearer class Traffic handling priority Transport Formats MS capabilities

Interference Margin (dB)

Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y

Interference levels BTS power levels Non-controllable load

Load change info

time reading time

packet arrival interval

Packet Scheduler (PS)

Traffic volume measurements (triggers for DCH allocation)

DCH allocations for NRT RB

DL spreading code UL srambling code

Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

Power Control (PC)

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

Closed Loop Power Control

Power control in WCDMA

Provides protection against shadowing and fast fading