Amity School of Business: Bba, Semester Ii

Amity School of Business

BBA, SEMESTER II
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR (BBAHR-10201)
Module-2 -Learning Divya Goel
Learning and Behavior reinforcement Theories of learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive, Social Learning
LEARNING
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior tendency) that occurs as a result of a persons interaction with the environment. -Stephen Robbins. Learning is an important part of knowledge management and influences ability, role perceptions, and motivation of individual performance.
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Learning components:
LEARNING MODELS
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
COGNITIVE LEARNING
SOCIAL LEARNING
Conditioning Theory
Conditioning is the process in which an ineffective object or situation becomes so much effective that it makes the hidden response apparent. In the absence of this stimuli, hidden response is a natural or normal response. This is based on the premise that learning is establishing association between response and stimulus. Conditioning has two theories classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning Theory

A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. This theory states that behavior is learned by repetitive association between a stimulus and a response (S R association). The organism learns to transfer a response from one stimulus to a previously neutral stimulus.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Four elements in classical conditioning are Unconditioned stimulus (US) A naturally occurring phenomenon. Eg: food which invariably causes reaction in a certain way,i.e., salivation. Unconditioned response (UR) The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus. Eg. Salivation is an unconditioned response to food (US). Conditioned Stimulus (CS) An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation. Eg. Sound of the bell do not lead to salivation. Conditioned Response (CR) The response to the artificial stimulus i.e a particular behavior that the organism learns to produce to the CS, that is , salivation.
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The Story thus unfolds The work of the famous Russian physiologist and Nobel Prize winner, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated the classical conditioning process. A simple surgical procedure permitted Pavlov to measure accurately the amount of saliva secreted by a dog.
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In the experiments, when Pavlov presented a meat (unconditioned stimulus) to the dog, he noticed a great deal of salivation (unconditioned response). On the other hand, when he merely rang a bell (neutral stimulus), the dog had no salivation. Thus, it was established that ringing of bell was having no effect on the salivation of dog.
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In the next step, Pavlov accompanied meat with ringing of the bell. On this, dog salivated. This experiment was repeated several times. After that Pavlov rang the bell without the presenting the meat, this time , the dog salivated to the bell alone which was originally a neutral stimulus.
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In the new situation, the dog had become classically conditioned to salivate ( conditioned response) to the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus). Pavlov went beyond the simple conditioning of his dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. Pavlov, similarly went to the second order conditioning and the third order conditioning, but not beyond that.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING BEFORE CONDITIONING BELL (NEUTRAL STIMULUS) UNCONDITIONED STIMULI(US) (FOOD) DURING CONDITIONING CONDITIONED STIMULUS(CS) (BELL) AFTER CONDITIONING CONDITIONED STIMULUS(CS) (BELL)
NO RESPONSE
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE(UR) (SALIVATION)
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS(US) (FOOD) UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE(UR) (SALIVATION) CONDITIONED RESPONSE(CR) (SALIVATION)
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Operant Conditioning Theory A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. Operant is defined as behavior that produces effects. Operant suggests that people emit responses that are rewarded and will not emit responses that are either not rewarded or punished. Operant conditioning implies that behavior is voluntary and it is determined , maintained , and controlled by its consequences.
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Also called instrumental conditioning, refers to the process that our behaviour produces certain consequences and how we behave in the future will depend on what those consequences are. If our actions have pleasant effects, then we will be more likely to repeat them in the future and vice-versa. Thus, according to this theory behaviour is the function of its consequences. It emphasises voluntary behaviours.
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The basic principle of learning new behavior involves the relationship between three elements 1. Stimulus situation (important events in the situation) 2. Behavioral response to the situation, and 3. Consequence of the response to the person.
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Cognitive Learning Theory

Cognition refers to an individuals ideas, thoughts, knowledge, interpretations, and understanding about himself and the environment. Applying the concept of cognition in learning implies that organism learns the meaning of various objects and events and learned responses depend on the meaning assigned to stimuli. So, this theory says that people are conscious, active participants in how they learn. Key Concepts of the theory are: Prior learning Behavioural choice Perceived consequence
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Tolmans Experiment
In his famous experiment , Tolman trained a rat to turn right in a T maze in order to obtain food. Then he started the rat from the opposite part of the maze; according to operant conditioning theory, the rat should have turned right because of past conditioning. But , the rat , instead, turned towards where the food had been placed. This phenomenon forced Tolman to conclude that the rat formed a cognitive map to figure out how to get food and reinforcement was not a precondition for learning to take place.
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FEEDBACK
PRIOR LEARNING
BEHAVIOURAL CHOICE
PERCEIVED CONSEQUENCES
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY
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Social Learning Theory

This theory is based on the idea that people can also learn indirectly: by observation, reading, or just hearing about someone elses a models experiences. This theory combines both the behaviorist and cognitive concepts and emphasizes the integrative nature of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants. This theory emphasizes on the fact that learning does not result from discrete stimulus response consequence connection. Instead , learning takes place by imitating others. Albert Bandura has contributed immeasurably to the development of the social learning theory, and has observed that Most behaviors that people display are learned either deliberately or inadvertently, through the influence of the example.
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According to social learning theory, learning is based on four key concepts: Attentional processes: People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. Retention processes: A models influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the models action after the model is no longer readily available. Motor- reproduction processes: After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted into doing. Reinforcement processes: Individuals will be motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. Behaviors that are positively reinforced will be given more attention, learned better and performed more often.
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Learning And Behavior Reinforcement

A- B- Cs of Behavior modification.
ANTECEDENTS What happens before behavior
BEHAVIOUR
CONSEQUENCIES What happens after behavior
What person says or does
Warning lights flashes on Operators console
Operator switches off machines power supply
Co workers thank Operator for stopping the machine

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Shaping behavior/ Behavior modification: Systematically reinforcing/punishing each successive stepAmity School of Business moves an individual closer to the desired response. 1. A reinforcer is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers: Positive reinforcement: Occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when the removal or avoidance of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a behavior. In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases. 2. Punishment :Occurs when a consequence decreases the frequency or future probability of a behavior. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment: involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative punishment: occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. In both of these cases of punishment, the behavior decreases. 3. Extinction occurs when the target behavior decreases because no consequence follows it.
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