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Crassidis
University at Buffalo State University of New York Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Amherst, NY 14260-4400 johnc@eng.buffalo.edu http://www.buffalo.edu/~johnc
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Introduction (1)
Control of a spacecraft is very complex
Hardware Issues Space environment Disturbances Nonlinear dynamics Spacecraft position (orbit) Spacecraft attitude (orientation) Control location (hardware)
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Introduction (2)
Spacecraft versus Aircraft
Aircraft always have a great reference EARTH! Spacecraft have many references
Earth, Sun, stars, moon, planets, other spacecraft
Aircraft can be serviced Dynamics of aircraft more complicated than spacecraft, but kinematics of spacecraft usually more complicated than spacecraft
Definition of kinematics ???
Orbital dynamics and determination Attitude kinematics and dynamics, and determination Control techniques for orbit and spacecraft control
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Vectors
A vector has a direction and magnitude (notation denoted a vector and denotes a scalar, in this case the magnitude) To describe a vector, define a coordinate system, E, which is represented by three unit vectors and an origin unit vector has magnitude 1
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Cartesian System
Sometimes a coordinate system is also referred to as a reference frame. However, a reference frame is more general To describe a vector in E coordinate system, its vector components along the unit axes are found
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assigned
Cylindrical Spherical
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Cylindrical System
A Triad of Unit Vectors
tracks the heading of the projection of the vector . The angle is the azimuth angle between and
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Cylindrical -- Cartesian
Relationship to Cartesian components given through
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(look at
plane)
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Spherical -- Cartesian
(look at
plane)
Note, does not follow the RHR since we are performing a positive rotation about Combine to obtain
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Spherical Example
Spherical coordinates are typically used to describe the motion of a satellite
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Vector Algebra
Measure of length of a vector is given by the norm Unit Vector
Kronecker delta definition If dot product is zero, then vectors are orthogonal
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Page 12
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