Collector Feedback Configuration

This is a variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration Input is applied to the base Output is taken from the collector There is a 180 phase shift between input and output

Calculations

Input impedance Zi

Zi =

re 1 RC + RF

Output impedance Zo

Z o R C || R F

Voltage gain Av

Av =

Vo R = C Vi re

Current gain Av

I R F Ai = o = Ii R F + R C I R Ai = o F Ii RC

Collector Feedback Configuration With An Emitter Resistor RE

Input impedance Zi

Output impedance Zo

Voltage gain Av

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Calculations

Input impedance Zi

Output impedance Zo

Voltage gain Av

Determining The Current Gain

And Source Impedance RS Effect of Load Impedance RL

Unloaded Loaded with RL Loaded with RL and RS

And Source Impedance RS Effect of Load Impedance RL

For Fixed-Bias Configuration And RS Effect of RL

Input impedance Zi

Output impedance Zo

Voltage gain Av

On Gain For Fixed-Bias Configuration And RS Effect of RL

Unloaded

Loaded with RL

Loaded with RL and RS

For Voltage-Divider Configuration And RS Effect of RL

Input impedance Zi

Output impedance Zo

Voltage gain Av

For Emitter-Follower Configuration And RS Effect of RL

Input impedance Zi

Output impedance Zo

Voltage gain Av

Two-Port Systems Approach

Two-Port Systems Approach

This approach: Reduces a circuit to a two-port system Provides a Thvenin look at the output terminals Makes it easier to determine the effects of a changing load With Vi set to 0 V:
Z Th = Z o = R o

The voltage across the open terminals is:

E Th = A vNL Vi

where AvNL is the no-load voltage gain.

Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

This model can be applied to any current- or voltagecontrolled amplifier. Adding a load reduces the gain of the amplifier:
Av = Vo RL = A vNL Vi RL + Ro

Ai = A v

Zi RL

Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

The fraction of applied signal that reaches the input of the amplifier is: R i Vs Vi = Ri + Rs

The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall gain:
A vs = Vo Ri = A vNL Vs R i + R s

Combined Effects of RS and RL on Voltage Gain

Effects of RL:
Vo R L A vNL = Vi RL + Ro R Ai = A v i RL Av =

Effects of RL and RS:

Vo Ri RL = A vNL Vs R i + R s R L + R o R + Ri A is = A vs s RL A vs =

Cascaded Systems

The output of one amplifier is the input to the next amplifier The overall voltage gain is determined by the product of gains of the individual stages The DC bias circuits are isolated from each other by the coupling capacitors The DC calculations are independent of the cascading The AC calculations for gain and impedance are interdependent

R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers

Input impedance, first stage:
Z i = R 1 || R 2 || re

Output impedance, second stage: Zo = R C

Voltage gain:
A v1 = A V2 = R C || R 1 || R 2 || re re RC re

A v = A v1 A v 2

Cascode Connection
This example is a CECB combination. This arrangement provides high input impedance but a low voltage gain. The low voltage gain of the input stage reduces the Miller input capacitance, making this combination suitable for highfrequency applications.

DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

Base current: V VBE I B = CC R B + DR E Emitter current: I E = ( D + 1)I B D I B Emitter voltage: VE = I E R E Base voltage: VB = VE + VBE

Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a Darlington pair, but it is not a Darlington pair. It has similar characteristics: High current gain Voltage gain near unity Low output impedance High input impedance The difference is that a Darlington uses a pair of like transistors, whereas the feedback-pair configuration uses complementary transistors.

Darlington Connection
The Darlington circuit provides a very high current gainthe product of the individual current gains: D = 1 2 The practical significance is that the circuit provides a very high input impedance.

Darlington Connection
DC Bias Base current: V VBE I B = CC R B + DR E Emitter current: I E = ( D + 1)I B D I B Emitter voltage: VE = I E R E Base voltage: VB = VE + VBE

Current Mirror Circuits

Current mirror circuits provide constant current in integrated circuits.

Voltage Source

Current Source

Current Source Circuits

Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and combinations of these devices.

IE IC
I VZ = IE VB E RE

more

Current Source Circuits

VGS = 0V ID = IDSS = 10 mA

Fixed-Bias Configuration
Input impedance: Z i = R B || h ie Output impedance:
Z o = R C || 1 / h oe

Voltage gain:
Av = Vo h ( R || 1 / h o e ) = fe C Vi h ie

Current gain:
I A i = o h fe || h I Z i = R B ie i

Voltage-Divider Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = R || h ie

Output impedance:
Zo RC

Voltage gain: gain

h ( R || 1/h oe ) A v = fe C h ie

Current gain:
Ai = h fe R R + h ie

Emitter-Follower Configuration
Input impedance: Z b = h fe R E Z i = R o || Z b Output impedance:
h Z o R E || ie h fe
Z b = h fe R E Z i = R o || Z b

Voltage gain:
Av = Vo RE = Vi R E + h ie / h fe
h R
B

B Ai = Current gain: R fe+ Z

Ai = A v

Zi RE

Common-Base Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = R E || h ib

Output impedance:
Zo = R C

Voltage gain:
Av = Vo h R = fb C Vi h ib

Current gain: I A i = o = h fb 1 Ii

Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

This model can be applied to any current- or voltagecontrolled amplifier. Adding a load reduces the gain of the amplifier:
Av = Vo RL = A vNL Vi RL + Ro

Ai = A v

Zi RL

Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

The fraction of applied signal that reaches the input of the amplifier is: R i Vs Vi = Ri + Rs

The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall gain:
A vs = Vo Ri = A vNL Vs R i + R s