Voltage Transformers

Voltage Transformers for - Metering Should Maintain accuracy Between 80 % and 120 % of Rated Voltage and 25 % to 100 % of Rated Burden

- Protection Should Maintain Accuracy Between 5 % of Rated Voltage and Voltage Factor times Rated Voltage Voltage Factors: - 1.5 for 30 seconds for effectively Earthed System - 1.9 for 30 seconds for Non-effectively Earthed Systems _ 1.9 for 8 hours for Resonance Earthed System

Fig 1(B)

Fig1(C)

Fig1(A)
VECTOR DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

Class

Ratio Error %

3P

+/- 3.0

Phase Displacement (Minutes) +/- 120

6P

+/- 6

+/- 240

Hypothetical 9 MVAr Capacitor Bank Number of Groups (X) : 3 No. of capacitor units/ group:(M) 10 of 100 kVAr 6.35 kV

Rated Residual Voltages

Preferred Values Non-Preferred Values 100 or 110 V 200 V 100/3 or 110 /3 V 200/3 V 100/3 or 110/3 200/3 Taking the Case of Hypothetical Bank shown in the previous slide:Voltage on the remaining units with %Rise n capacitor removed in a group Reflected value with 200V RVT winding voltage

One unit 6885 V 108 0.65 V Two units - 7520 V 118 0.675 V As the difference is very low for better discrimination Residual voltages of 380 V or 570 V are used

N2 Oil

Single Stage Dead Tank Voltage Transformer

Schematic Diagram of Layer type Primary Winding and Multiple Secondary Windings

layers

Inter-layer Capacitance

Earth shield

Secondary Windings

Multiple Secondary windings-Special Precautions

National and International Standards specify that-In case of multiple secondary windings the accuracy on individual windings should be maintained between 25 % and 100 % rated burden, - while the burden on the other windings is varying between zero to 100% of their rated value. In case of a three secondary windings with say, Winding 1: 200 VA with metering accuracy 0.5 Winding 2 : 200 VA with protection accuracy 5P Winding 3: 200 VA for residual voltage voltage measurement -the accuracy of the metering winding 1, will have to be maintained 25% of its rated burden i.e 50 VA to virtually 300 VA when the other windings are simultaneously loaded(considering that primary and secondary contribute equally for errors)

As the some of protection windings like winding 3 come into operation for a short duration under fault condition,it is advantageous to except load on this winding for purposes of accuracy measurement on winding 1

N2 Oil

Two Stage Cascade Voltage Transformer

Circuit Diagram

N2 Oil

Four Stage Cascade Voltage Transformer

FAILURE OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

DUE TO DISCHARGE OF CAPACITOR CHARGE THRO THE PRIMARY WINDING DUE TO FERRORESONANCE MECHANICAL FAILURE OF PORCELAIN DUE TO GROUND VIBRATIONS LIKE EARTHQUAKEAS

Discharge of capacitor charges:

q q

Discharge of residual charge from switched off lines Discharge of capacitor banks

Remedy: 1. Determine magnitude and waveform of discharge current. 2.Refer to manufacturer. 3.Divide capacitor bank into two or more banks

High Voltage Busbar Isolator

Circuit Breaker with Grading Capacitors Voltage Transformer

V.T

Isolator

Cb - Grading Capacitors Cs -Capacitance to Ground V.T - Iron Cored Voltage Transformer

Single Line Diagram and Equivalent Circuit

Vc+V

Vc-V

Vl = f(I)

Fig 26. Points of operation of the circuit (Only first quqdrant shown)

1)

Under Ferro-resonance condition the voltage waveform exhibits presence of higher harmonics and increased voltage. The voltage magnitude goes up to 1.4 P.U. The current magnitude jumps up almost hundred-fold, resulting in severe dielectric and thermal overloading of V.T and eventual failure

2)

3)

FAILURE OF V.Ts DUE TO FERRO RESONANCE IN INDIA

1. RISHIKESH S/S OF UPSEB 2. SHARAVATI S/S OF KSEB 3. MSEB (PROBABLY IN 1987)

ABROAD 1. LABORELEC REPORT MENTIONS OF FAILURES AT 8 PLACES BETWEEN 1967 AND 1975

FERRO RESONANCE IS KNOWN TO HAVE CAUSED FAILURE OF POWER TRANSFORMER CONNECTED ON THE IDLE CIRCUIT OF A DOUBLE CIRCUIT POWER LINE . FERRORESONANCE OCCURRED ACROSS THE CAPACITANCE BETWEEN THE LINES AND THE Xr.

FERRORESONANCE REMEDIES: 1. OPEN THE BREAKER ISOLATOR IMMEDIATELY AFTER OPENING THE BREAKER ( Isolators to be motor operated and remotely controlled) 2. USE VTs WITH LINEAR MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTIC ACROSS BUSBARS

V.T FAILURES ARE KNOWN TO OCCUR BECAUSE OF INCIDENCE OF HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH FREQUENCY SURGES DURING CAPACITOR SWITCHING MODE OF OCCURRENCE 1. PD ONSET BECAUSE OF INCIDENCE OF SURGE

2. SUSTAINED PARTIAL DISCHARGES EVEN AFTER RESTORATION OF NORMAL VOLTAGE

3. GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF INSULATION AND EVENTUAL FAILURE

REMEDY:
EMTP STUDY OF SUBSTATIONS WHERE LARGE CAPACITOR BANKS ARE LOCATED

OTHER MECHANICAL REASONS FOR FAILURE

SEALING FAILURE---Allowing free breathing of atmospheric air DRY BAND FORMATION--During pre-monsoon showers and un-seasonal rains OPEN EARTH CONNECTION OF PRIMARY WINDING -Causing arcing,failure of enamel insulation on winding wire and eventual failure . FAILURE OF FRAGILE PORCELAIN DUE TO GROUND VIBRATIONS. FAILURE OF HIGH VOLTAGE TERMINAL DUE TO MECHANICAL FORCES LIKE WIND LOADS TESTS FOR COMPLIANCE ADDED IN IEC 60044-2 Part 2

Routine Maintenance
At the time of Installation:
Porcelain: Inspect Porcelain for Chipping, Cracks and Leakage of Oil through flanges. Oil Sampling: - To be kept to the barest minimum - BDV to be not less than 60 kV

Routine Maintenance

After Three months of Service :

Nitrogen Pressure to be Checked. Pressure at the Top through N2 Filling Valve: - to be between 0.2 and 0.3 kg/ sq.cm in the temperature range of 20 to 30 deg C. Pressure at the Tank Valve: - to be between 0.38 and 0.48 kg/sq.cm taking into account static head of oil.

Periodic Maintenance

Yearly: -Inspect Porcelain for chipping, cracks and oil leakage through flanges. -Clean porcelain with dry cloth Once in two years: BDV and moisture content of oil.Depleted oil can be made up through valve on tank